En pocas palabras. Javier J. Jaspe
Washington
D.C.
Esta
es la séptima entrega de una serie relacionada con el interesante libro: “El
Norte – La epopeya olvidada de la Norteamérica Hispana”, escrito por la
destacada historiadora, Carrie Gibson. Editorial EDAF, 2022, 575 páginas. La
edición original es en el idioma inglés y la traducción al español que usamos
es de Pablo García Hervás.
Carrie
Gibson obtuvo su “doctorado en la Universidad de Cambridge….Ha
trabajado como periodista en The Guardian y como colaboradora en otras
publicaciones, además de la BBC. Su investigación la ha llevado a México, el
Caribe y los Estados Unidos. Reside en Londres”.
Sobre
el libro se ha escrito:
"Durante
mucho tiempo, los Estados Unidos se han preciado de su herencia anglosajona por
encima de todas las demás. No obstante, tal como Carrie Gibson replica en El
Norte, con gran profundidad y nitidez, la nación tiene unas raíces hispanas
mucho más antiguas, las cuales han permanecido mucho tiempo ignoradas y
marginadas. Este pasado hispánico precede en un siglo a la llegada del
Mayflower, y es de todo punto igual de importante a la hora de dar forma a la
nación tal como existe hoy en día.... (The New York Times Book Review)"
El
propósito de la serie no es realizar un análisis del libro, sino publicar la
cronología de los acontecimientos clave que allí se incluyen (páginas 462 –
470), ocurridos entre los años 1492 y 2017, a fin de acompañarlos con unos
breves agregados que recogen principalmente textos encontrados en Internet,
relacionados con los enunciados que se utilizan a lo largo de dicha cronología.
A
efecto de diferenciar la cronología original transcrita en negrillas, los
agregados se transcriben en itálicas, bien textualmente o resumidos y/o
reordenados en su presentación, con las referencias a sus respectivos enlaces
en Internet. Cuando la cronología original incluye diversos hechos en un mismo
año, estos hechos son presentados separadamente bajo dicho año.
En esta séptima entrega se incluyen hechos históricos que van desde que Francis Drake llega al norte de California (1579) hasta la revuelta de Juanillo contra las misiones españolas (1597). Veamos:
National Park Service
Point Reyes National Seashore California
Francis Drake's "Harbourgh"
Drake's Early Years
Drake's landing in California was part of a much larger
trip—"The Voyage of Circumnavigation"—in which he sought the Strait
of Anián, the fabled Northwest Passage linking Europe to the rich lands of the
East Indies via a route to the north of the Americas. It was a time of empire
building for England, which trailed the earlier explorations and colonial
expansion of its chief rival, Spain. His early years among the ships of the
Thames Estuary were marked by the intensely emotional turmoil of the Protestant
Reformation, which governed not only Europe's spiritual life, but also its
political life.
Drake's quest for new lands and riches took him on many voyages
across the Atlantic. During his first three trans-Atlantic voyages, he sailed
with John Hawkins, his second cousin and the man who is considered to have been
the first English slave-trader. In 1568, during the third expedition, Hawkins'
fleet was attacked by Spanish warships for engaging in illegal trade in the
Caribbean Sea, including trading enslaved people. Hawkins lost four of six
ships, and he and Drake narrowly escaped death. This event was a catalyst for
Drake's hatred of Spain and preceded the many battles he waged against the
Spanish.
It was during his fourth trans-Atlantic voyage, in 1572, that
Drake is said to have climbed a tree on the Isthmus of Panama and first
glimpsed the Pacific. Captivated by this view, he swore to sail an English ship
to those waters…..
https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/historyculture/people_europeanexplorers_francisdrake.htm
También puede verse:
June 17, 1579: Francis Drake claims Nova Albion
(California) for England
By
Hans
https://www.englandcast.com/2022/06/francis-drake-claimed-nova-albion/
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The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (Voyage of 1577-1580) compiled by Drake’s nephew, Francis Drake, from the journal of the ship’s chaplain, Frances Fletcher, and others; published 1628 excerpts: Nova Albion (California), 1579
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text5/drake.pdf
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Noehill Travels in
California
Nova Albion
Drakes Beach
Point Reyes
Year 1579
https://noehill.com/marin/poi_nova_albion.asp
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Nueva Albión: primer nombre de la
California estadounidense
El Vigia/ Carlos Lazcano/Colaboración
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EBSCO
Francis Drake Lands in Northern
California
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/francis-drake-lands-northern-california
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The Mystery of Francis Drake's
Californian Voyage
David Cressay
https://www.historytoday.com/archive/mystery-francis-drakes-californian-voyage
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Francis Drake sails to California
in 1579 Elizabethan sea captain, adventurer, explorer & privateer
Timeline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCKbhdmFBbY
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1586: Francis Drake ataca San Agustín.
The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
Sir Francis Drake’s attack on St. Augustine, 1586
A Spotlight on a Primary Source by Baptista
Boazio
Image….
Five years after
leading the first English circumnavigation of the globe in 1577–1580, Sir
Francis Drake led a raid against Spanish settlements in the Caribbean including
Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Cartagena, as well as St. Augustine (in
present-day Florida). This engraving, by Baptista Boazio, was made to accompany
a book describing Drake’s 1586 expedition, A Summarie and True Discourse of Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian
Voyage (published
in 1588–1589). The illustration depicts the attack of Drake’s fleet of
twenty-three ships on St. Augustine, which was captured and destroyed on May
28–30, 1586. Although Boazio was not on the voyage, he worked from firsthand
accounts. The engraving is the earliest known surviving view of a New World
city north of Mexico.
Drake operated as a
privateer under a "letter of marque and reprisal" issued by Queen
Elizabeth I. His operations were part of the long-standing and escalating
tensions between Protestant England and Catholic Spain. The Boazio
illustrations and A Summarie and True Discourse
of Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian Voyage were published following the English victory
over the Spanish Armada in 1588.
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Historic Florida Militia, Inc
Drake’s Raid for Visitors
https://hfm.club/about/drakes-raid-for-visitors/
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The British arrive at St. Augustine
https://www.wuwf.org/unearthing-florida/2024-04-04/the-british-arrive-at-st-augustine
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Florida Historical Quarterly
Drake Destroys St. Augustine: 1586
James W. Covington
SIR
FRANCIS DRAKE, scourge of the Spanish Main, came to Florida and destroyed St.
Augustine in 1586. Judging from other battles that took place during Drake’s
swing through Spain’s Caribbean empire, the Florida episode was a relatively
minor affair. St. Augustine at the time was a small out-of-the-way village of
about 300 persons with its only defense the small outpost, San Juan de los
Pinillos. In contrast to the splendid buildings, numerous soldiers, and
excellent defenses of Santo Domingo and Cartagena, St. Augustine was not very
important. But in defensive tactics and in its use of manpower, the Florida
town showed to good advantage; in some ways it utilized its limited defensive
power more effectively than the two larger and more strongly fortified places…..
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2974&context=fhq
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1587: se abandona Santa Elena y se traslada a
sus habitantes a San Agustín.
University of South Carolina
Scholar Commons
Santa Elena: A Brief History of the Colony, 1566-
Eugene Lyon
…..On August 16, 1587,
Governor Menendez Marquez appeared at Santa Elena with an order by Maestre de
Campa Tejeda to tear down Fort San Marcos and evacuate the town. Tejeda had
been strongly influenced by the governor and others, and Pedro Menendez Marquez
was obeying orders which reflected his own views. The entire garrison was to be
concentrated in a stronger fort at St. Augustine. This severe blow aroused
those who possessed homes, lands and other vested interests in Santa Elena.
Gutierre de Miranda strongly protested, testifying of the rebuilt strength of
the fort. He stated his belief that the King and Tejeda had not been informed
of the true strategic value of Santa Elena's fine port as compared to St.
Augustine's shallow bar. He feared that the enemy would seize control of Santa
Elena and profit by its cleared lands, wood suitable for shipbuilding, fruit
trees and livestock. He pointed out that the Adelantado Pedro Menendez, who had
understood its importance, had made his capital there, and reiterated the old
belief that the most abundant cultivation could only come in temperate
latitudes. Miranda closed with an appeal that nothing further be done until the
King and council could hear the matter. Pedro Menendez Marquez replied that the
King was amply informed of the qualities of the land, and that no Indians had,
up to now, been truly Christianized. He denied that Santa Elena was fit for
settlement, and labelled st. Augustine superior to it. He stated that Tejeda
had full powers to make his determination, and he ordered Miranda not to stand
65 in the way, under a penalty of 500 ducats and being declared an open rebel.
Gutierre de Miranda
had to yield. The fort was torn down, and the city burned yet again. Miranda
carried his protest to Spain, where he presented a claim for destroyed houses,
gardens, hog ranches, livestock and 15 other farm and cultivated
property…..(pages 15 and 16)
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=archanth_books
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Descubiertas las ruinas de la que fue capital
española en Florida
El País Jul 12, 1979
https://elpais.com/diario/1979/07/13/ultima/300664801_850215.html
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HerenciaHispanaOculta
Cuando Florida llegaba hasta Carolina del Sur, Santa Helena era un
pueblo importante Por Miguel Pérez
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ANTES DE JAMESTOWN FUE SAN AGUSTÍN DE LA FLORIDA
ACADEMIA NORTEAMERICANA DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA (ANLE)
Presentación: Graciela S. Tomassini
Prefacio/autor: Steven Strange
https://www.anle.us/site/assets/files/1536/antes_de_jamestown_fue_san_agustin_de_la_florida.pdf
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1597: se produce un alzamiento contra las
misiones españolas encabezado por los indios guales, conocido también como la
revuelta de Juanillo.
Murder and martyrdom in Spanish
Florida : Don Juan and the Guale uprising of 1597 / J. Michael Francis,
Kathleen M. Kole ; with a contribution by David Hurst Thomas
Smithsonian Libraries and Archives
Summary
In
the late fall of 1597, Guale Indians murdered five Franciscan friars stationed
in their territory and razed their missions to the ground. The 1597 Guale
Uprising, or Juanillo's Revolt as it is often called, brought the
missionization of Guale to an abrupt end and threatened Florida's new governor
with the most significant crisis of his term. To date, interpretations of the
uprising emphasize the primacy of a young Indian from Tolomato named Juanillo,
the heir to Guale's paramount chieftaincy. According to most versions of the
uprising story, Tolomato's resident friar publicly reprimanded Juanillo for
practicing polygamy. In his anger, Juanillo gathered his forces and launched a
series of violent assaults on all five of Guale territory's Franciscan
missions, leaving all but one of the province's friars dead. Through a series
of newly translated primary sources, many of which have never appeared in
print, this volume presents the most comprehensive examination of the 1597
uprising and its aftermath. It seeks to move beyond the two central questions
that have dominated the historiography of the uprising, namely who killed the
five friars and why, neither of which can be answered with any certainty.
Instead, this work aims to use the episode as the background for a detailed
examination of Spanish Florida at the turn of the 17th century. Viewed
collectively, these sources not only challenge current representations of the
uprising, they also shed light on the complex nature
of Spanish-Indian relations in early colonial Florida….
https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_977516
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España en la Historia
Franciscanos españoles mártires en Georgia.
Jesús Caraballo
…..Los frailes franciscanos fueron bien recibidos en las
comunidades de nativos. Predicaban el evangelio y vivían entre la
población indígena sin necesidad de armamento o presencia militar. De
hecho, la mayoría del pueblo guale no solo aceptó la fe católica, sino que
también recibió los productos y cultura europeos como adornos, herramientas de
metal o textiles.
Fray Pedro de Corpa fue uno de los grandes impulsores de la
evangelización del pueblo guale. Tras casi una década de experiencia
misionera en La Florida, le asignaron la misión de Tolomato, un lugar de
especial relevancia por ser la capital de aquellos indígenas.
Durante la estancia de Fray Pedro en Tolomato,
gran parte de sus habitantes le pedían ser bautizados, a lo que contribuyó
el aprendizaje de su lengua y largas horas
de conversación y evangelización de Fray Pedro con los nativos.
Sin embargo, esta idílica convivencia cambió por
completo a mediados de septiembre de 1597. El cacique de los guales, don
Francisco, había fallecido recientemente en Tolomato. Allí también residía
Juanillo, que pronto heredaría el cargo de cacique del pueblo guale. El
joven heredero se bautizó y se convirtió al cristianismo poco
después de la llegada de Fray Pedro a la misión, cuando introdujo a los nuevos
conversos a la práctica de los sacramentos.
Fue
entonces cuando Juanillo se casó con una segunda mujer. Pese
a la buena relación que los unía, Fray Pedro le recordó que como cristiano
y bautizado no podía contraer un segundo matrimonio. Ante la indiferencia del
heredero, Fray Pedro desaconsejó la próxima sucesión del joven junto con
Fray Blas, otro de los franciscanos residentes en la cercana misión de Tupiqui.
Por ello, el Bohío de Tolomato –institución encargada de decidir si
Juanillo sería el nuevo Mico o cacique– no le concedió el nombramiento.
La respuesta de Juanillo no se hizo esperar, y comenzó una
revuelta junto con otros guales no bautizados que vivían alejados de las
misiones. Tras el asesinato de Fray Pedro, comenzaron cuatro días de
persecución, torturas y martirio de los cinco sacerdotes franciscanos que
se encontraban con los guale en Georgia…..
https://espanaenlahistoria.org/episodios/franciscanos-espanoles-martires-en-georgia/
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Murder and Martyrdom
in Spanish Florida: The True Story Behind the Guale Uprising
PBS
Special: Secrets of Spanish Florida/Clip
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The Gualean Revolt of 1597: Anti-Colonialism in the
Old South
By Carolyn Stefan Schukk/November 1, 1984
https://www.facingsouth.org/1984/11/gualean-revolt-1597-anti-colonialism-old-south
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Great Warrior’s Path
Spanish Florida: Juanillo’s Revolt of 1597
https://greatwarriorspath.blogspot.com/2016/10/spanish-florida-juanillos-revolt-of-1597.html
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Murder & Martyrdom in Spanish
Florida: Don Juan & the Guale Uprising of 1597
Library of Congress
In
the late fall of 1597, Guale Indians murdered five Franciscan friars stationed
in their territory and razed their missions to the ground. The 1597 Guale
Uprising, or Juanillo's Revolt as it is often labeled, brought the
missionization of Guale to an abrupt end and threatened Florida???s new
governor with the most significant crisis of his term. This lecture explores
the 1597 uprising and its aftermath, and aims to shed light on the complex
nature of Spanish-Indian relations in early colonial Florida.
Speaker
Biography: J. Michael Francis is professor and chair of the history department
at the University of North Florida.
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