Saturday, July 4, 2026
Friday, July 3, 2026
"El Norte" (7) de Carrie Gibson - Cronología de acontecimientos clave: 1579 - 1597
En pocas palabras. Javier J. Jaspe
Washington
D.C.
Esta
es la séptima entrega de una serie relacionada con el interesante libro: “El
Norte – La epopeya olvidada de la Norteamérica Hispana”, escrito por la
destacada historiadora, Carrie Gibson. Editorial EDAF, 2022, 575 páginas. La
edición original es en el idioma inglés y la traducción al español que usamos
es de Pablo García Hervás.
Carrie
Gibson obtuvo su “doctorado en la Universidad de Cambridge….Ha
trabajado como periodista en The Guardian y como colaboradora en otras
publicaciones, además de la BBC. Su investigación la ha llevado a México, el
Caribe y los Estados Unidos. Reside en Londres”.
Sobre
el libro se ha escrito:
"Durante
mucho tiempo, los Estados Unidos se han preciado de su herencia anglosajona por
encima de todas las demás. No obstante, tal como Carrie Gibson replica en El
Norte, con gran profundidad y nitidez, la nación tiene unas raíces hispanas
mucho más antiguas, las cuales han permanecido mucho tiempo ignoradas y
marginadas. Este pasado hispánico precede en un siglo a la llegada del
Mayflower, y es de todo punto igual de importante a la hora de dar forma a la
nación tal como existe hoy en día.... (The New York Times Book Review)"
El
propósito de la serie no es realizar un análisis del libro, sino publicar la
cronología de los acontecimientos clave que allí se incluyen (páginas 462 –
470), ocurridos entre los años 1492 y 2017, a fin de acompañarlos con unos
breves agregados que recogen principalmente textos encontrados en Internet,
relacionados con los enunciados que se utilizan a lo largo de dicha cronología.
A
efecto de diferenciar la cronología original transcrita en negrillas, los
agregados se transcriben en itálicas, bien textualmente o resumidos y/o
reordenados en su presentación, con las referencias a sus respectivos enlaces
en Internet. Cuando la cronología original incluye diversos hechos en un mismo
año, estos hechos son presentados separadamente bajo dicho año.
En esta séptima entrega se incluyen hechos históricos que van desde que Francis Drake llega al norte de California (1579) hasta la revuelta de Juanillo contra las misiones españolas (1597). Veamos:
National Park Service
Point Reyes National Seashore California
Francis Drake's "Harbourgh"
Drake's Early Years
Drake's landing in California was part of a much larger
trip—"The Voyage of Circumnavigation"—in which he sought the Strait
of Anián, the fabled Northwest Passage linking Europe to the rich lands of the
East Indies via a route to the north of the Americas. It was a time of empire
building for England, which trailed the earlier explorations and colonial
expansion of its chief rival, Spain. His early years among the ships of the
Thames Estuary were marked by the intensely emotional turmoil of the Protestant
Reformation, which governed not only Europe's spiritual life, but also its
political life.
Drake's quest for new lands and riches took him on many voyages
across the Atlantic. During his first three trans-Atlantic voyages, he sailed
with John Hawkins, his second cousin and the man who is considered to have been
the first English slave-trader. In 1568, during the third expedition, Hawkins'
fleet was attacked by Spanish warships for engaging in illegal trade in the
Caribbean Sea, including trading enslaved people. Hawkins lost four of six
ships, and he and Drake narrowly escaped death. This event was a catalyst for
Drake's hatred of Spain and preceded the many battles he waged against the
Spanish.
It was during his fourth trans-Atlantic voyage, in 1572, that
Drake is said to have climbed a tree on the Isthmus of Panama and first
glimpsed the Pacific. Captivated by this view, he swore to sail an English ship
to those waters…..
https://www.nps.gov/pore/learn/historyculture/people_europeanexplorers_francisdrake.htm
También puede verse:
June 17, 1579: Francis Drake claims Nova Albion
(California) for England
By
Hans
https://www.englandcast.com/2022/06/francis-drake-claimed-nova-albion/
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The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (Voyage of 1577-1580) compiled by Drake’s nephew, Francis Drake, from the journal of the ship’s chaplain, Frances Fletcher, and others; published 1628 excerpts: Nova Albion (California), 1579
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text5/drake.pdf
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Noehill Travels in
California
Nova Albion
Drakes Beach
Point Reyes
Year 1579
https://noehill.com/marin/poi_nova_albion.asp
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Nueva Albión: primer nombre de la
California estadounidense
El Vigia/ Carlos Lazcano/Colaboración
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EBSCO
Francis Drake Lands in Northern
California
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/francis-drake-lands-northern-california
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The Mystery of Francis Drake's
Californian Voyage
David Cressay
https://www.historytoday.com/archive/mystery-francis-drakes-californian-voyage
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Francis Drake sails to California
in 1579 Elizabethan sea captain, adventurer, explorer & privateer
Timeline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCKbhdmFBbY
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1586: Francis Drake ataca San Agustín.
The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
Sir Francis Drake’s attack on St. Augustine, 1586
A Spotlight on a Primary Source by Baptista
Boazio
Image….
Five years after
leading the first English circumnavigation of the globe in 1577–1580, Sir
Francis Drake led a raid against Spanish settlements in the Caribbean including
Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Cartagena, as well as St. Augustine (in
present-day Florida). This engraving, by Baptista Boazio, was made to accompany
a book describing Drake’s 1586 expedition, A Summarie and True Discourse of Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian
Voyage (published
in 1588–1589). The illustration depicts the attack of Drake’s fleet of
twenty-three ships on St. Augustine, which was captured and destroyed on May
28–30, 1586. Although Boazio was not on the voyage, he worked from firsthand
accounts. The engraving is the earliest known surviving view of a New World
city north of Mexico.
Drake operated as a
privateer under a "letter of marque and reprisal" issued by Queen
Elizabeth I. His operations were part of the long-standing and escalating
tensions between Protestant England and Catholic Spain. The Boazio
illustrations and A Summarie and True Discourse
of Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian Voyage were published following the English victory
over the Spanish Armada in 1588.
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Historic Florida Militia, Inc
Drake’s Raid for Visitors
https://hfm.club/about/drakes-raid-for-visitors/
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The British arrive at St. Augustine
https://www.wuwf.org/unearthing-florida/2024-04-04/the-british-arrive-at-st-augustine
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Florida Historical Quarterly
Drake Destroys St. Augustine: 1586
James W. Covington
SIR
FRANCIS DRAKE, scourge of the Spanish Main, came to Florida and destroyed St.
Augustine in 1586. Judging from other battles that took place during Drake’s
swing through Spain’s Caribbean empire, the Florida episode was a relatively
minor affair. St. Augustine at the time was a small out-of-the-way village of
about 300 persons with its only defense the small outpost, San Juan de los
Pinillos. In contrast to the splendid buildings, numerous soldiers, and
excellent defenses of Santo Domingo and Cartagena, St. Augustine was not very
important. But in defensive tactics and in its use of manpower, the Florida
town showed to good advantage; in some ways it utilized its limited defensive
power more effectively than the two larger and more strongly fortified places…..
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2974&context=fhq
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1587: se abandona Santa Elena y se traslada a
sus habitantes a San Agustín.
University of South Carolina
Scholar Commons
Santa Elena: A Brief History of the Colony, 1566-
Eugene Lyon
…..On August 16, 1587,
Governor Menendez Marquez appeared at Santa Elena with an order by Maestre de
Campa Tejeda to tear down Fort San Marcos and evacuate the town. Tejeda had
been strongly influenced by the governor and others, and Pedro Menendez Marquez
was obeying orders which reflected his own views. The entire garrison was to be
concentrated in a stronger fort at St. Augustine. This severe blow aroused
those who possessed homes, lands and other vested interests in Santa Elena.
Gutierre de Miranda strongly protested, testifying of the rebuilt strength of
the fort. He stated his belief that the King and Tejeda had not been informed
of the true strategic value of Santa Elena's fine port as compared to St.
Augustine's shallow bar. He feared that the enemy would seize control of Santa
Elena and profit by its cleared lands, wood suitable for shipbuilding, fruit
trees and livestock. He pointed out that the Adelantado Pedro Menendez, who had
understood its importance, had made his capital there, and reiterated the old
belief that the most abundant cultivation could only come in temperate
latitudes. Miranda closed with an appeal that nothing further be done until the
King and council could hear the matter. Pedro Menendez Marquez replied that the
King was amply informed of the qualities of the land, and that no Indians had,
up to now, been truly Christianized. He denied that Santa Elena was fit for
settlement, and labelled st. Augustine superior to it. He stated that Tejeda
had full powers to make his determination, and he ordered Miranda not to stand
65 in the way, under a penalty of 500 ducats and being declared an open rebel.
Gutierre de Miranda
had to yield. The fort was torn down, and the city burned yet again. Miranda
carried his protest to Spain, where he presented a claim for destroyed houses,
gardens, hog ranches, livestock and 15 other farm and cultivated
property…..(pages 15 and 16)
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=archanth_books
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Descubiertas las ruinas de la que fue capital
española en Florida
El País Jul 12, 1979
https://elpais.com/diario/1979/07/13/ultima/300664801_850215.html
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HerenciaHispanaOculta
Cuando Florida llegaba hasta Carolina del Sur, Santa Helena era un
pueblo importante Por Miguel Pérez
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ANTES DE JAMESTOWN FUE SAN AGUSTÍN DE LA FLORIDA
ACADEMIA NORTEAMERICANA DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA (ANLE)
Presentación: Graciela S. Tomassini
Prefacio/autor: Steven Strange
https://www.anle.us/site/assets/files/1536/antes_de_jamestown_fue_san_agustin_de_la_florida.pdf
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1597: se produce un alzamiento contra las
misiones españolas encabezado por los indios guales, conocido también como la
revuelta de Juanillo.
Murder and martyrdom in Spanish
Florida : Don Juan and the Guale uprising of 1597 / J. Michael Francis,
Kathleen M. Kole ; with a contribution by David Hurst Thomas
Smithsonian Libraries and Archives
Summary
In
the late fall of 1597, Guale Indians murdered five Franciscan friars stationed
in their territory and razed their missions to the ground. The 1597 Guale
Uprising, or Juanillo's Revolt as it is often called, brought the
missionization of Guale to an abrupt end and threatened Florida's new governor
with the most significant crisis of his term. To date, interpretations of the
uprising emphasize the primacy of a young Indian from Tolomato named Juanillo,
the heir to Guale's paramount chieftaincy. According to most versions of the
uprising story, Tolomato's resident friar publicly reprimanded Juanillo for
practicing polygamy. In his anger, Juanillo gathered his forces and launched a
series of violent assaults on all five of Guale territory's Franciscan
missions, leaving all but one of the province's friars dead. Through a series
of newly translated primary sources, many of which have never appeared in
print, this volume presents the most comprehensive examination of the 1597
uprising and its aftermath. It seeks to move beyond the two central questions
that have dominated the historiography of the uprising, namely who killed the
five friars and why, neither of which can be answered with any certainty.
Instead, this work aims to use the episode as the background for a detailed
examination of Spanish Florida at the turn of the 17th century. Viewed
collectively, these sources not only challenge current representations of the
uprising, they also shed light on the complex nature
of Spanish-Indian relations in early colonial Florida….
https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_977516
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España en la Historia
Franciscanos españoles mártires en Georgia.
Jesús Caraballo
…..Los frailes franciscanos fueron bien recibidos en las
comunidades de nativos. Predicaban el evangelio y vivían entre la
población indígena sin necesidad de armamento o presencia militar. De
hecho, la mayoría del pueblo guale no solo aceptó la fe católica, sino que
también recibió los productos y cultura europeos como adornos, herramientas de
metal o textiles.
Fray Pedro de Corpa fue uno de los grandes impulsores de la
evangelización del pueblo guale. Tras casi una década de experiencia
misionera en La Florida, le asignaron la misión de Tolomato, un lugar de
especial relevancia por ser la capital de aquellos indígenas.
Durante la estancia de Fray Pedro en Tolomato,
gran parte de sus habitantes le pedían ser bautizados, a lo que contribuyó
el aprendizaje de su lengua y largas horas
de conversación y evangelización de Fray Pedro con los nativos.
Sin embargo, esta idílica convivencia cambió por
completo a mediados de septiembre de 1597. El cacique de los guales, don
Francisco, había fallecido recientemente en Tolomato. Allí también residía
Juanillo, que pronto heredaría el cargo de cacique del pueblo guale. El
joven heredero se bautizó y se convirtió al cristianismo poco
después de la llegada de Fray Pedro a la misión, cuando introdujo a los nuevos
conversos a la práctica de los sacramentos.
Fue
entonces cuando Juanillo se casó con una segunda mujer. Pese
a la buena relación que los unía, Fray Pedro le recordó que como cristiano
y bautizado no podía contraer un segundo matrimonio. Ante la indiferencia del
heredero, Fray Pedro desaconsejó la próxima sucesión del joven junto con
Fray Blas, otro de los franciscanos residentes en la cercana misión de Tupiqui.
Por ello, el Bohío de Tolomato –institución encargada de decidir si
Juanillo sería el nuevo Mico o cacique– no le concedió el nombramiento.
La respuesta de Juanillo no se hizo esperar, y comenzó una
revuelta junto con otros guales no bautizados que vivían alejados de las
misiones. Tras el asesinato de Fray Pedro, comenzaron cuatro días de
persecución, torturas y martirio de los cinco sacerdotes franciscanos que
se encontraban con los guale en Georgia…..
https://espanaenlahistoria.org/episodios/franciscanos-espanoles-martires-en-georgia/
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Murder and Martyrdom
in Spanish Florida: The True Story Behind the Guale Uprising
PBS
Special: Secrets of Spanish Florida/Clip
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The Gualean Revolt of 1597: Anti-Colonialism in the
Old South
By Carolyn Stefan Schukk/November 1, 1984
https://www.facingsouth.org/1984/11/gualean-revolt-1597-anti-colonialism-old-south
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Great Warrior’s Path
Spanish Florida: Juanillo’s Revolt of 1597
https://greatwarriorspath.blogspot.com/2016/10/spanish-florida-juanillos-revolt-of-1597.html
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Murder & Martyrdom in Spanish
Florida: Don Juan & the Guale Uprising of 1597
Library of Congress
In
the late fall of 1597, Guale Indians murdered five Franciscan friars stationed
in their territory and razed their missions to the ground. The 1597 Guale
Uprising, or Juanillo's Revolt as it is often labeled, brought the
missionization of Guale to an abrupt end and threatened Florida???s new
governor with the most significant crisis of his term. This lecture explores
the 1597 uprising and its aftermath, and aims to shed light on the complex
nature of Spanish-Indian relations in early colonial Florida.
Speaker
Biography: J. Michael Francis is professor and chair of the history department
at the University of North Florida.
Artículos (18) sobre Latinoamérica y otros temas publicados en 2025 que podría ser de interés releer
EN:
Soña Muzikárová julio 15, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/el-momento-cuantico-de-europa/
Melanie W. Sisson julio 17, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/la-doctrina-trump-es-un-pensamiento-ilusorio/
John Mario González julio 17, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/el-vuelco-de-trump-en-latinoamerica/
Hermann Tertsch julio 20, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/mil-disfraces-de-la-tirania/
María Alejandra Aristeguieta julio 22, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/el-nuevo-desorden-mundial/
Sebastián Godínez julio 23, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/el-control-de-los-jueces-en-el-mundo/
Carlos Bildt julio 24, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/la-lucha-por-el-dinero-que-moldeara-el-futuro-de-europa/
Susana Reina julio 25, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/por-que-no-hay-que-desmantelar-los-ministerios-de-las-mujeres/
María Gabriela Mata julio 29, 2025
Hélène Rey julio 30, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/el-dominio-de-la-moneda-en-la-era-digital/
Saturday, June 27, 2026
Friday, June 26, 2026
"El Norte" (6) de Carrie Gibson - Cronología de acontecimientos clave: 1566 - 1577
En pocas palabras. Javier J. Jaspe
Washington
D.C.
Esta
es la sexta entrega de una serie relacionada con el interesante libro: “El
Norte – La epopeya olvidada de la Norteamérica Hispana”, escrito por la
destacada historiadora, Carrie Gibson. Editorial EDAF, 2022, 575 páginas. La
edición original es en el idioma inglés y la traducción al español que usamos
es de Pablo García Hervás.
Carrie
Gibson obtuvo su “doctorado en la Universidad de Cambridge….Ha
trabajado como periodista en The Guardian y como colaboradora en otras
publicaciones, además de la BBC. Su investigación la ha llevado a México, el
Caribe y los Estados Unidos. Reside en Londres”.
Sobre
el libro se ha escrito:
"Durante
mucho tiempo, los Estados Unidos se han preciado de su herencia anglosajona por
encima de todas las demás. No obstante, tal como Carrie Gibson replica en El
Norte, con gran profundidad y nitidez, la nación tiene unas raíces hispanas
mucho más antiguas, las cuales han permanecido mucho tiempo ignoradas y
marginadas. Este pasado hispánico precede en un siglo a la llegada del
Mayflower, y es de todo punto igual de importante a la hora de dar forma a la
nación tal como existe hoy en día.... (The New York Times Book Review)"
El
propósito de la serie no es realizar un análisis del libro, sino publicar la
cronología de los acontecimientos clave que allí se incluyen (páginas 462 –
470), ocurridos entre los años 1492 y 2017, a fin de acompañarlos con unos
breves agregados que recogen principalmente textos encontrados en Internet,
relacionados con los enunciados que se utilizan a lo largo de dicha cronología.
A
efecto de diferenciar la cronología original transcrita en negrillas, los
agregados se transcriben en itálicas, bien textualmente o resumidos y/o
reordenados en su presentación, con las referencias a sus respectivos enlaces
en Internet. Cuando la cronología original incluye diversos hechos en un mismo
año, estos hechos son presentados separadamente bajo dicho año.
En
esta sexta entrega se incluyen hechos históricos que van desde que los
españoles levantan el fuerte de San Felipe en Santa Elena (1566) hasta que Pedro
Menéndez Márquez recibe órdenes de fortificar Santa Elena. Veamos:
Santa Elena The 1500s
Capital of Spanish Florida in South Carolina
The town of Santa Elena on what is now Parris Island, South
Carolina was the sixteenth-century capital of Spanish Florida. It was founded
in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles (who had previously served the Spanish
government as a privateer) to prevent the French from expanding their colonies
into the area claimed by Spain as La Florida. From 1562 to 1563, the French had
occupied the area in a settlement called Charlesfort, but lacking supplies,
abandoned the area three years before Santa Elena was established. Several
Spanish forts protected Santa Elena, including Fort San Salvador, Fort San
Felipe (built directly on top of Charlesfort), and Fort San Marcos.
From Santa Elena, the Spanish expanded inland,
building forts into the Appalachian Mountains and working to “pacify” the
Native Americans through trade, violence, and conversion to Catholicism. Native
Americans burned these forts, and Spain did not rebuild them. The Native
Americans around Santa Elena also objected to the Spanish presence. In 1576,
Native Americans from the nearby towns of Orista and Escamacu burned Santa
Elena, which the Spanish rebuilt. In 1580, 2000 Native Americans again attacked
the settlement, but were repelled. In 1587, the Spanish left Santa Elena,
relocating to their settlement at St. Augustine, Florida to focus on colonizing
other areas…..
https://www.nps.gov/articles/santa-elena-the-1500s-capital-of-spanish-florida.htm
También puede verse:
Fort San Felipe
Heritage Library
https://heritagelib.org/history-culture/military-installations/fort-san-felipe/
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History of Santa Elena
Coastal Discovery Museum
https://www.coastaldiscovery.org/santa-elena/history/
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The Hispanic-American History Timeline
!566 Santa Elena Built in South Carolina
HiddenHispanicHeritage By Miguel Pérez
https://www.hiddenhispanicheritage.com/timeline-1566---santa-elena-and-beyond.html
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San Felipe Fort
South Carolina
Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Felipe-fort-South-Carolina
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Spanish Fort Site Is
Believed Found at Parris Island
By John Noble Wilford.
Special to the New York Times
July 13, 1979
Juan
Pardo Expeditions
Written By Dr.
Troy L. Kickler
Before Sir Walter Raleigh’s
expedition landed on the Outer Banks in 1585, French and Spanish explorers
traveled across modern-day North Carolina and led the European powers in
claiming American land. By the mid-1500s, the Spanish, in particular,
were winning the race of conquest. Early Spanish explorers included Luis Vasquez de
Allyan, who sailed the Cape Fear River in 1526; Hernando de Soto, who in 1540
traversed through the southern Appalachian mountains; and Juan Pardo, who led
two expeditions from Santa Elena (Tybee Island, Georgia) into the Catawba
Valley and then into the mountains of western North Carolina and Eastern
Tennessee.
During his first
expedition, Pardo established good relationships with Indian tribes and
searched primarily for food for the Santa Elena settlement. The second
expedition’s mission was mainly to find a road to Zacatecas, Mexico (location
of Spanish silver mines) and to claim land for Spain.
The first expedition
lasted from December 1, 1566 to March 7, 1567. Pardo and 125 men traveled
northward from Santa Elena to find Indian towns with food. After
traveling through the swampland of northeastern South Carolina, Pardo stopped
at Yssa (near present-day Linville, North Carolina) and then later at Jaora, an
Indian town near modern-day Morganton. There, the Spanish explorer and his men
constructed Fort San Juan. Pardo and
his remaining men (Sergeant Hernando Moyano de Morales and thirty men
garrisoned the fort) followed the Catawba River and visited the towns of
Quinahaqui (near Catawba) and Guatari (near Salisbury). Along the way,
Pardo met with caciques (Spanish term for tribal leader) and through an
interpreter informed Indians that they were Spanish subjects. Pardo also
left behind his chaplain and a few soldiers to evangelize the Indians…..
https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/juan-pardo-expeditions/
También
puede verse:
Pardo Expeditions
By Moore, David G.
https://www.ncpedia.org/pardo-expeditions
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Earliest European settlement in US
interior was in WNC
By Anne Chesky
https://www.ashevillehistory.org/earliest-european-settlement-in-us-interior-was-in-wnc/
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The Spanish Explore the Interior
https://www.dncr.nc.gov/blog/2016/12/01/spanish-explore-interior
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1567: Juan Pardo emprende un segundo
viaje por el interior, regresando en la primavera de 1568 tras haber alcanzado
posiblemente la actual Tennesse.
Features, S.C.
Encyclopedia
History: Explorer Juan
Pardo
Charleston Currents· 07/17/2017 8:04 am·Comments Offon HISTORY:
Explorer Juan Pardo
S.C. Encyclopedia |
Juan Pardo was born in Cuenca, Spain, in the first half of the sixteenth
century. He traveled to Spanish Florida in the fleet of General Sancho de
Archiniega in 1566 as the captain of one of the six military companies sent to
reinforce the colony founded by Governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565.
Captain Pardo’s company was the only one from the Archiniega expedition posted
to the Spanish town of Santa Elena, which was located on present-day Parris
Island, South Carolina.
Pardo never reached the
mines of Mexico, but his two expeditions—the last major Spanish military
explorations of the interior of the Southeast—provide a valuable window to the
peoples of these lands in the mid–sixteenth century. Pardo first departed from
Santa Elena on December 1, 1566, with 125 men and headed northwest through the
interior of South Carolina and into western North Carolina. He returned to
Santa Elena on March 7, 1567, after receiving a summons to respond to an
anticipated French attack.
Image….
Pardo set out on his second
expedition from Santa Elena on September 1, 1567, and followed basically the
same route, although this journey took him into eastern Tennessee. He visited
several of the towns that Hernando De Soto had passed through more than twenty-five
years before. Pardo’s notary recorded a high degree of compliance with the
orders the captain had given on the first expedition, including having the
Indians grow corn and construct buildings for the Spaniards. On his return from
the second expedition, Pardo collected as much corn as he could and distributed
his men among six forts in an attempt to strengthen the Spanish presence inland
and force the Indian population to support the soldiers. Two of these forts
were in present-day South Carolina—Fort Santo Tomás at Cofitachiqui, or Canos,
near Camden and Fort Nuestra Señora at the native town of Orista on the coast.
Within months of Pardo’s return to Santa Elena on March 2, 1568, Indians had
destroyed the inland forts.
Pardo served as the
lieutenant governor at Santa Elena until around April 1569. He departed the
Florida colony for Spain during the summer of 1569, and further details about
his life and death are unknown
Excerpted from an entry by Karen L. Paar.
This entry hasn’t been updated since 2006.
https://charlestoncurrents.com/2017/07/history-explorer-juan-pardo/
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También puede verse:
The Juan Pardo Expedition under a
magnifying glass
by Richard L. Thornton, Architect
and City Planner
https://apalacheresearch.com/2022/01/29/the-juan-pardo-expedition-under-a-magnifying-glass/
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The Route of Juan Pardo’s Explorations in the Interior Southeast 1566-1568
Florida Historical Quarterly
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol62/iss2/3/
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1568: Dominique de Gourgues llega
desde Francia para vengar la muerte de sus compatriotas. Ataca a las tropas
españolas en el fuerte de San Mateo (el antiguo Fort Caroline) y acaba con
ellas, antes de regresar a Francia.
National Park Service
Fort Matanzas – National Monument Florida
The Massacre of the French
https://www.nps.gov/foma/learn/historyculture/the_massacre.htm
The European history of Fort Matanzas National Monument begins
with an incident almost 200 years before the construction of the fort at
Matanzas - the Spanish massacre of French forces in 1565. It took place near or
possibly within the area which now makes up the monument. The incident
initiated Spanish control of Florida for 235 years and led to the naming of the
Matanzas River.
When King
Philip II of Spain learned that the Frenchman Rene de Laudonniére had
established Fort Caroline in
Florida (1 on map), he was incensed -- the
colony sat on land belonging to the Spanish crown. Spanish treasure fleets
sailed along the Florida coast on their way to Spain and Fort Caroline provided
a perfect base for French attacks. Worst of all to the devoutly Catholic Philip,
the settlers were Huguenots (French Protestants). Despite Philip's protests,
Jean Ribault sailed from France in May 1565 with more than 600 soldiers and
settlers to resupply Fort Caroline.
General Pedro Menéndez de Aviles, charged with
removing the French, also sailed in May, arriving at the Saint Johns River in
August with some 800 people, shortly after Ribault (2 on map). After a brief sea chase, the Spanish retired
south to a site they had earlier reconnoitered, a Timucuan village called
Seloy. The Spanish came ashore on September 8 and established and named their
new village "St. Augustine" (3 on map) because land
had first been sighted on the Feast Day of St. Augustine, August 28.
At the same time, Menéndez led a force to attack
Fort Caroline. Since most of the soldiers were absent, Menéndez was easily able
to capture the French settlement, killing most of the men in the battle. Some
of the inhabitants, including de Laudonniére and the artist Jacques LeMoyne,
were able to escape to ships and return to France. Menéndez spared the women
and children and sent them by ship to Havana.
He then learned from Timucuan Indians that a group of white men
were on the beach a few miles south of St. Augustine. He marched with 70
soldiers to where an inlet had blocked 127 of the shipwrecked Frenchmen trying
to get back to Fort Caroline (5 on map)
With a captured Frenchman as translator, Menéndez described how
Fort Caroline had been captured and urged the French to surrender. Rumors to
the contrary, he made no promises as to sparing them. Having lost most of their
food and weapons in the shipwreck, the French did surrender. Francisco Mendoza,
the Chaplain accompaning Menéndez, requested the chance to offer survival for
those found to be Catholics, most refused. 111 Frenchmen were killed. Only
sixteen were spared - a few who professed being Catholic, some impressed Breton
sailors, and four artisans needed at St. Augustine.
Two weeks later the sequence of events was repeated. More French
survivors appeared at the inlet, including Jean Ribault. On October 12 Ribault
and his men surrendered and met their fate. This time 134 were killed. From
that time, the inlet was called Matanzas -- meaning "slaughters" in
Spanish.
Was this a cruel, cold-hearted act by the Spanish? Was Pedro
Menéndez blindly following orders to rid Florida of the interlopers? Was it a
religious conflict? What would the French have done to the Spanish if the hurricane
had not wrecked their ships? Maybe there is even more involved. With food
already low and no chance for resupply until spring, would there have been food
and shelter for all if the French had been brought back to the new village of
St. Augustine? Perhaps, as leader of his people, Menéndez knew that survival of
the French in October might have meant the starvation of everyone by May.
https://www.nps.gov/foma/learn/historyculture/the_massacre.htm
https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1864/11/14-85/132121327.pdf
Guest column: History of revenge at Fort Caroline
Staff Writer
Florida
Times-Union
https://www.jacksonville.com/story/opinion/columns/mike-clark/2014/06/06/guest-column-history-revenge-fort-caroline/15794451007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=true&gca-epti=z114102e003200v114102d--41--b--41--&gca-ft=110&gca-ds=sophi
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De Gourgues, Dominique
A History of Florida
1904
https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/docs/d/degour.htm
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De Gourges Florida Expedition en 1567
Fourth Expedition to Florida in 1567, Commanded By The Chevalier De
Gourges
https://thenewworld.us/de-gourges-florida-expedition-in-1567/
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1577: Pedro Menéndez Márquez recibe órdenes de
fortificar Santa Elena, lo que conduce a la construcción del fuerte de San
Marcos.
440 year
old Spanish Fort discovered after decades of searching
Beaufortsc/Atractions,Beaufort
History+Culture
Elena Foundation
has announced that after years of searching, Dr. Chester DePratter and Dr.
Victor Thompson have located the long-lost Fort San Marcos, which was built on
the Santa Elena site in 1577.
Located near
Beaufort, South Carolina, Parris Island holds more than the dreams of future
Marines—it contains the remains of a Spanish fort erected in 1577 in the
Spanish town of Santa Elena. For decades, attempts to find it have failed, and
Fort San Marcos stayed hidden until new technology brought it to light.
In a paper to be
published this week in the Journal of Archeology Science Reports, a team of
archaeologists led by University of South Carolina’s Chester DePratter and
Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia, discuss how they uncovered Fort
San Marcos without scooping a shovelful of soil.
San Marcos is one
of five Spanish forts built sequentially at Santa Elena over its 21 year
occupation.
DePratter and
Thompson have conducted research at Santa Elena since 2014 to find the fort
that was founded in 1577 by Pedro Menéndez Márquez, the governor of Spanish La
Florida. Their discovery sheds new light on the oldest, most northern Spanish
settlement in the Americas, built to thwart French exploration into the New
World.
Márquez arrived
in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships carrying
pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking. He erected fort San Marcos in six days
in defense against a possible Native American attack such as the one that
forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier. The town had flourished,
nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade earlier in
1566 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés who had founded Spanish La Florida and St.
Augustine the year before. In 1571 it became the capital of Spanish Florida,
and it remained the capital until 1576.
“I have been
looking for San Marcos since 1993, and new techniques and technologies allowed
for a fresh search,” says DePratter who conducts research through the
university’s South Carolina Institute for Archaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA)
in the College of Arts and Sciences. “Pedro Menéndez didn’t leave us with a map
of Santa Elena, so remote sensing is allowing us to create a town plan that
will be important to interpreting what happened here 450 years ago and for
planning future research.”
DePratter says
the general location of fort San Marcos has been known for decades from
documentary sources, which included a written description and drawing of the
fort that are part of the Archive of the Indies in Seville, Spain. Several
early attempts to find the fort through excavation failed.
Image…
In early June,
DePratter and Thompson returned to Santa Elena to employ a suite of new remote
sensing technologies to look below the surface of the ground without actually
digging. Using ground penetrating radar, soil resistivity and magnetometers,
they sent radar pulses and electric currents into the ground and measured
differences in local magnetic fields in search for the missing fort and to map
the lost 15-acre landscape of Santa Elena and the buildings – a church, courts,
shops, taverns and farms – that brought life to the early settlement.
“Santa Elena is
providing once again an unprecedented view of the 16th landscape. This is one
of the best sites for remote sensing that I’ve ever had the privilege to work
on,” says Thompson who directs UGA’s Center for Archaeological Sciences….
https://www.eatstayplaybeaufort.com/fort-san-marcos-discovered/
También puede
verse:Hort
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Santa Elena: A Brief History of the Colony, 1566-1587 Eugene Lyon
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=archanth_books
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés y Márquez Biografía
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The True Origin of
Spanish Florida: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine and Holy War (1565)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ52wv9xd-0&t=14s
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SANTA ELENA: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COLONY, 1566-1587 by ~Eugene Lyon Research Manuscript Series 193
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=archanth_books
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Coastal Discovery Museum
History of Santa Elena