Saturday, June 27, 2026
Friday, June 26, 2026
"El Norte" (6) de Carrie Gibson - Cronología de acontecimientos clave: 1566 - 1577
En pocas palabras. Javier J. Jaspe
Washington
D.C.
Esta
es la sexta entrega de una serie relacionada con el interesante libro: “El
Norte – La epopeya olvidada de la Norteamérica Hispana”, escrito por la
destacada historiadora, Carrie Gibson. Editorial EDAF, 2022, 575 páginas. La
edición original es en el idioma inglés y la traducción al español que usamos
es de Pablo García Hervás.
Carrie
Gibson obtuvo su “doctorado en la Universidad de Cambridge….Ha
trabajado como periodista en The Guardian y como colaboradora en otras
publicaciones, además de la BBC. Su investigación la ha llevado a México, el
Caribe y los Estados Unidos. Reside en Londres”.
Sobre
el libro se ha escrito:
"Durante
mucho tiempo, los Estados Unidos se han preciado de su herencia anglosajona por
encima de todas las demás. No obstante, tal como Carrie Gibson replica en El
Norte, con gran profundidad y nitidez, la nación tiene unas raíces hispanas
mucho más antiguas, las cuales han permanecido mucho tiempo ignoradas y
marginadas. Este pasado hispánico precede en un siglo a la llegada del
Mayflower, y es de todo punto igual de importante a la hora de dar forma a la
nación tal como existe hoy en día.... (The New York Times Book Review)"
El
propósito de la serie no es realizar un análisis del libro, sino publicar la
cronología de los acontecimientos clave que allí se incluyen (páginas 462 –
470), ocurridos entre los años 1492 y 2017, a fin de acompañarlos con unos
breves agregados que recogen principalmente textos encontrados en Internet,
relacionados con los enunciados que se utilizan a lo largo de dicha cronología.
A
efecto de diferenciar la cronología original transcrita en negrillas, los
agregados se transcriben en itálicas, bien textualmente o resumidos y/o
reordenados en su presentación, con las referencias a sus respectivos enlaces
en Internet. Cuando la cronología original incluye diversos hechos en un mismo
año, estos hechos son presentados separadamente bajo dicho año.
En
esta sexta entrega se incluyen hechos históricos que van desde que los
españoles levantan el fuerte de San Felipe en Santa Elena (1566) hasta que Pedro
Menéndez Márquez recibe órdenes de fortificar Santa Elena. Veamos:
Santa Elena The 1500s
Capital of Spanish Florida in South Carolina
The town of Santa Elena on what is now Parris Island, South
Carolina was the sixteenth-century capital of Spanish Florida. It was founded
in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles (who had previously served the Spanish
government as a privateer) to prevent the French from expanding their colonies
into the area claimed by Spain as La Florida. From 1562 to 1563, the French had
occupied the area in a settlement called Charlesfort, but lacking supplies,
abandoned the area three years before Santa Elena was established. Several
Spanish forts protected Santa Elena, including Fort San Salvador, Fort San
Felipe (built directly on top of Charlesfort), and Fort San Marcos.
From Santa Elena, the Spanish expanded inland,
building forts into the Appalachian Mountains and working to “pacify” the
Native Americans through trade, violence, and conversion to Catholicism. Native
Americans burned these forts, and Spain did not rebuild them. The Native
Americans around Santa Elena also objected to the Spanish presence. In 1576,
Native Americans from the nearby towns of Orista and Escamacu burned Santa
Elena, which the Spanish rebuilt. In 1580, 2000 Native Americans again attacked
the settlement, but were repelled. In 1587, the Spanish left Santa Elena,
relocating to their settlement at St. Augustine, Florida to focus on colonizing
other areas…..
https://www.nps.gov/articles/santa-elena-the-1500s-capital-of-spanish-florida.htm
También puede verse:
Fort San Felipe
Heritage Library
https://heritagelib.org/history-culture/military-installations/fort-san-felipe/
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History of Santa Elena
Coastal Discovery Museum
https://www.coastaldiscovery.org/santa-elena/history/
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The Hispanic-American History Timeline
!566 Santa Elena Built in South Carolina
HiddenHispanicHeritage By Miguel Pérez
https://www.hiddenhispanicheritage.com/timeline-1566---santa-elena-and-beyond.html
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San Felipe Fort
South Carolina
Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Felipe-fort-South-Carolina
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Spanish Fort Site Is
Believed Found at Parris Island
By John Noble Wilford.
Special to the New York Times
July 13, 1979
Juan
Pardo Expeditions
Written By Dr.
Troy L. Kickler
Before Sir Walter Raleigh’s
expedition landed on the Outer Banks in 1585, French and Spanish explorers
traveled across modern-day North Carolina and led the European powers in
claiming American land. By the mid-1500s, the Spanish, in particular,
were winning the race of conquest. Early Spanish explorers included Luis Vasquez de
Allyan, who sailed the Cape Fear River in 1526; Hernando de Soto, who in 1540
traversed through the southern Appalachian mountains; and Juan Pardo, who led
two expeditions from Santa Elena (Tybee Island, Georgia) into the Catawba
Valley and then into the mountains of western North Carolina and Eastern
Tennessee.
During his first
expedition, Pardo established good relationships with Indian tribes and
searched primarily for food for the Santa Elena settlement. The second
expedition’s mission was mainly to find a road to Zacatecas, Mexico (location
of Spanish silver mines) and to claim land for Spain.
The first expedition
lasted from December 1, 1566 to March 7, 1567. Pardo and 125 men traveled
northward from Santa Elena to find Indian towns with food. After
traveling through the swampland of northeastern South Carolina, Pardo stopped
at Yssa (near present-day Linville, North Carolina) and then later at Jaora, an
Indian town near modern-day Morganton. There, the Spanish explorer and his men
constructed Fort San Juan. Pardo and
his remaining men (Sergeant Hernando Moyano de Morales and thirty men
garrisoned the fort) followed the Catawba River and visited the towns of
Quinahaqui (near Catawba) and Guatari (near Salisbury). Along the way,
Pardo met with caciques (Spanish term for tribal leader) and through an
interpreter informed Indians that they were Spanish subjects. Pardo also
left behind his chaplain and a few soldiers to evangelize the Indians…..
https://northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/juan-pardo-expeditions/
También
puede verse:
Pardo Expeditions
By Moore, David G.
https://www.ncpedia.org/pardo-expeditions
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Earliest European settlement in US
interior was in WNC
By Anne Chesky
https://www.ashevillehistory.org/earliest-european-settlement-in-us-interior-was-in-wnc/
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The Spanish Explore the Interior
https://www.dncr.nc.gov/blog/2016/12/01/spanish-explore-interior
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1567: Juan Pardo emprende un segundo
viaje por el interior, regresando en la primavera de 1568 tras haber alcanzado
posiblemente la actual Tennesse.
Features, S.C.
Encyclopedia
History: Explorer Juan
Pardo
Charleston Currents· 07/17/2017 8:04 am·Comments Offon HISTORY:
Explorer Juan Pardo
S.C. Encyclopedia |
Juan Pardo was born in Cuenca, Spain, in the first half of the sixteenth
century. He traveled to Spanish Florida in the fleet of General Sancho de
Archiniega in 1566 as the captain of one of the six military companies sent to
reinforce the colony founded by Governor Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565.
Captain Pardo’s company was the only one from the Archiniega expedition posted
to the Spanish town of Santa Elena, which was located on present-day Parris
Island, South Carolina.
Pardo never reached the
mines of Mexico, but his two expeditions—the last major Spanish military
explorations of the interior of the Southeast—provide a valuable window to the
peoples of these lands in the mid–sixteenth century. Pardo first departed from
Santa Elena on December 1, 1566, with 125 men and headed northwest through the
interior of South Carolina and into western North Carolina. He returned to
Santa Elena on March 7, 1567, after receiving a summons to respond to an
anticipated French attack.
Image….
Pardo set out on his second
expedition from Santa Elena on September 1, 1567, and followed basically the
same route, although this journey took him into eastern Tennessee. He visited
several of the towns that Hernando De Soto had passed through more than twenty-five
years before. Pardo’s notary recorded a high degree of compliance with the
orders the captain had given on the first expedition, including having the
Indians grow corn and construct buildings for the Spaniards. On his return from
the second expedition, Pardo collected as much corn as he could and distributed
his men among six forts in an attempt to strengthen the Spanish presence inland
and force the Indian population to support the soldiers. Two of these forts
were in present-day South Carolina—Fort Santo Tomás at Cofitachiqui, or Canos,
near Camden and Fort Nuestra Señora at the native town of Orista on the coast.
Within months of Pardo’s return to Santa Elena on March 2, 1568, Indians had
destroyed the inland forts.
Pardo served as the
lieutenant governor at Santa Elena until around April 1569. He departed the
Florida colony for Spain during the summer of 1569, and further details about
his life and death are unknown
Excerpted from an entry by Karen L. Paar.
This entry hasn’t been updated since 2006.
https://charlestoncurrents.com/2017/07/history-explorer-juan-pardo/
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También puede verse:
The Juan Pardo Expedition under a
magnifying glass
by Richard L. Thornton, Architect
and City Planner
https://apalacheresearch.com/2022/01/29/the-juan-pardo-expedition-under-a-magnifying-glass/
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The Route of Juan Pardo’s Explorations in the Interior Southeast 1566-1568
Florida Historical Quarterly
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol62/iss2/3/
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1568: Dominique de Gourgues llega
desde Francia para vengar la muerte de sus compatriotas. Ataca a las tropas
españolas en el fuerte de San Mateo (el antiguo Fort Caroline) y acaba con
ellas, antes de regresar a Francia.
National Park Service
Fort Matanzas – National Monument Florida
The Massacre of the French
https://www.nps.gov/foma/learn/historyculture/the_massacre.htm
The European history of Fort Matanzas National Monument begins
with an incident almost 200 years before the construction of the fort at
Matanzas - the Spanish massacre of French forces in 1565. It took place near or
possibly within the area which now makes up the monument. The incident
initiated Spanish control of Florida for 235 years and led to the naming of the
Matanzas River.
When King
Philip II of Spain learned that the Frenchman Rene de Laudonniére had
established Fort Caroline in
Florida (1 on map), he was incensed -- the
colony sat on land belonging to the Spanish crown. Spanish treasure fleets
sailed along the Florida coast on their way to Spain and Fort Caroline provided
a perfect base for French attacks. Worst of all to the devoutly Catholic Philip,
the settlers were Huguenots (French Protestants). Despite Philip's protests,
Jean Ribault sailed from France in May 1565 with more than 600 soldiers and
settlers to resupply Fort Caroline.
General Pedro Menéndez de Aviles, charged with
removing the French, also sailed in May, arriving at the Saint Johns River in
August with some 800 people, shortly after Ribault (2 on map). After a brief sea chase, the Spanish retired
south to a site they had earlier reconnoitered, a Timucuan village called
Seloy. The Spanish came ashore on September 8 and established and named their
new village "St. Augustine" (3 on map) because land
had first been sighted on the Feast Day of St. Augustine, August 28.
At the same time, Menéndez led a force to attack
Fort Caroline. Since most of the soldiers were absent, Menéndez was easily able
to capture the French settlement, killing most of the men in the battle. Some
of the inhabitants, including de Laudonniére and the artist Jacques LeMoyne,
were able to escape to ships and return to France. Menéndez spared the women
and children and sent them by ship to Havana.
He then learned from Timucuan Indians that a group of white men
were on the beach a few miles south of St. Augustine. He marched with 70
soldiers to where an inlet had blocked 127 of the shipwrecked Frenchmen trying
to get back to Fort Caroline (5 on map)
With a captured Frenchman as translator, Menéndez described how
Fort Caroline had been captured and urged the French to surrender. Rumors to
the contrary, he made no promises as to sparing them. Having lost most of their
food and weapons in the shipwreck, the French did surrender. Francisco Mendoza,
the Chaplain accompaning Menéndez, requested the chance to offer survival for
those found to be Catholics, most refused. 111 Frenchmen were killed. Only
sixteen were spared - a few who professed being Catholic, some impressed Breton
sailors, and four artisans needed at St. Augustine.
Two weeks later the sequence of events was repeated. More French
survivors appeared at the inlet, including Jean Ribault. On October 12 Ribault
and his men surrendered and met their fate. This time 134 were killed. From
that time, the inlet was called Matanzas -- meaning "slaughters" in
Spanish.
Was this a cruel, cold-hearted act by the Spanish? Was Pedro
Menéndez blindly following orders to rid Florida of the interlopers? Was it a
religious conflict? What would the French have done to the Spanish if the hurricane
had not wrecked their ships? Maybe there is even more involved. With food
already low and no chance for resupply until spring, would there have been food
and shelter for all if the French had been brought back to the new village of
St. Augustine? Perhaps, as leader of his people, Menéndez knew that survival of
the French in October might have meant the starvation of everyone by May.
https://www.nps.gov/foma/learn/historyculture/the_massacre.htm
https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1864/11/14-85/132121327.pdf
Guest column: History of revenge at Fort Caroline
Staff Writer
Florida
Times-Union
https://www.jacksonville.com/story/opinion/columns/mike-clark/2014/06/06/guest-column-history-revenge-fort-caroline/15794451007/?gnt-cfr=1&gca-cat=p&gca-uir=true&gca-epti=z114102e003200v114102d--41--b--41--&gca-ft=110&gca-ds=sophi
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De Gourgues, Dominique
A History of Florida
1904
https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/docs/d/degour.htm
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De Gourges Florida Expedition en 1567
Fourth Expedition to Florida in 1567, Commanded By The Chevalier De
Gourges
https://thenewworld.us/de-gourges-florida-expedition-in-1567/
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1577: Pedro Menéndez Márquez recibe órdenes de
fortificar Santa Elena, lo que conduce a la construcción del fuerte de San
Marcos.
440 year
old Spanish Fort discovered after decades of searching
Beaufortsc/Atractions,Beaufort
History+Culture
Elena Foundation
has announced that after years of searching, Dr. Chester DePratter and Dr.
Victor Thompson have located the long-lost Fort San Marcos, which was built on
the Santa Elena site in 1577.
Located near
Beaufort, South Carolina, Parris Island holds more than the dreams of future
Marines—it contains the remains of a Spanish fort erected in 1577 in the
Spanish town of Santa Elena. For decades, attempts to find it have failed, and
Fort San Marcos stayed hidden until new technology brought it to light.
In a paper to be
published this week in the Journal of Archeology Science Reports, a team of
archaeologists led by University of South Carolina’s Chester DePratter and
Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia, discuss how they uncovered Fort
San Marcos without scooping a shovelful of soil.
San Marcos is one
of five Spanish forts built sequentially at Santa Elena over its 21 year
occupation.
DePratter and
Thompson have conducted research at Santa Elena since 2014 to find the fort
that was founded in 1577 by Pedro Menéndez Márquez, the governor of Spanish La
Florida. Their discovery sheds new light on the oldest, most northern Spanish
settlement in the Americas, built to thwart French exploration into the New
World.
Márquez arrived
in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships carrying
pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking. He erected fort San Marcos in six days
in defense against a possible Native American attack such as the one that
forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier. The town had flourished,
nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade earlier in
1566 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés who had founded Spanish La Florida and St.
Augustine the year before. In 1571 it became the capital of Spanish Florida,
and it remained the capital until 1576.
“I have been
looking for San Marcos since 1993, and new techniques and technologies allowed
for a fresh search,” says DePratter who conducts research through the
university’s South Carolina Institute for Archaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA)
in the College of Arts and Sciences. “Pedro Menéndez didn’t leave us with a map
of Santa Elena, so remote sensing is allowing us to create a town plan that
will be important to interpreting what happened here 450 years ago and for
planning future research.”
DePratter says
the general location of fort San Marcos has been known for decades from
documentary sources, which included a written description and drawing of the
fort that are part of the Archive of the Indies in Seville, Spain. Several
early attempts to find the fort through excavation failed.
Image…
In early June,
DePratter and Thompson returned to Santa Elena to employ a suite of new remote
sensing technologies to look below the surface of the ground without actually
digging. Using ground penetrating radar, soil resistivity and magnetometers,
they sent radar pulses and electric currents into the ground and measured
differences in local magnetic fields in search for the missing fort and to map
the lost 15-acre landscape of Santa Elena and the buildings – a church, courts,
shops, taverns and farms – that brought life to the early settlement.
“Santa Elena is
providing once again an unprecedented view of the 16th landscape. This is one
of the best sites for remote sensing that I’ve ever had the privilege to work
on,” says Thompson who directs UGA’s Center for Archaeological Sciences….
https://www.eatstayplaybeaufort.com/fort-san-marcos-discovered/
También puede
verse:Hort
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Santa Elena: A Brief History of the Colony, 1566-1587 Eugene Lyon
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=archanth_books
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés y Márquez Biografía
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The True Origin of
Spanish Florida: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine and Holy War (1565)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ52wv9xd-0&t=14s
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SANTA ELENA: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COLONY, 1566-1587 by ~Eugene Lyon Research Manuscript Series 193
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=archanth_books
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Coastal Discovery Museum
History of Santa Elena
Monday, June 22, 2026
Artículos (17) sobre Latinoamérica y otros temas publicados en 2025 que podría ser de interés releer
EN:
Trino Márquez julio 4, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/el-aldeanismo-de-trump-el-cierre-de-la-usaid/
Miguel Henrique Otero julio 6, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/todas-las-dictaduras-caen/
Enriue Krauze julio6, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/poder-para-que/
Amalio de Marichalar julio 8, 2025
Martín-Miguel Rubio Esteban julio 10, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/el-obligatorio-avance-de-la-democracia/
Daniel Grols julio 12, 2025
Ignacio Ugarte Ayala julio 12, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/iberoamerica-oportunidad-geopolitica/
Zaki Laidi julio 13, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/por-que-europa-teme-defenderse-a-si-misma/
Dayana Cristina Duzoglou julio 13, 2025
Ana Palacio julio 14, 2025
https://www.elnacional.com/2025/07/contraposicion-entre-estados-unidos-y-china-en-seguridad/
Sunday, June 21, 2026
"El Norte" (5) de Carrie Gibson - Cronología de acontecimientos clave: 1559 - 1565
En pocas palabras. Javier J. Jaspe
Washington
D.C.
Esta
es la quinta entrega de una serie relacionada con el interesante libro: “El
Norte – La epopeya olvidada de la Norteamérica Hispana”, escrito por la
destacada historiadora, Carrie Gibson. Editorial EDAF, 2022, 575 páginas. La
edición original es en el idioma inglés y la traducción al español que usamos
es de Pablo García Hervás.
Carrie
Gibson obtuvo su “doctorado en la Universidad de Cambridge….Ha
trabajado como periodista en The Guardian y como colaboradora en otras
publicaciones, además de la BBC. Su investigación la ha llevado a México, el
Caribe y los Estados Unidos. Reside en Londres”.
Sobre
el libro se ha escrito:
"Durante
mucho tiempo, los Estados Unidos se han preciado de su herencia anglosajona por
encima de todas las demás. No obstante, tal como Carrie Gibson replica en El
Norte, con gran profundidad y nitidez, la nación tiene unas raíces hispanas
mucho más antiguas, las cuales han permanecido mucho tiempo ignoradas y
marginadas. Este pasado hispánico precede en un siglo a la llegada del
Mayflower, y es de todo punto igual de importante a la hora de dar forma a la
nación tal como existe hoy en día.... (The New York Times Book Review)"
El
propósito de la serie no es realizar un análisis del libro, sino publicar la
cronología de los acontecimientos clave que allí se incluyen (páginas 462 –
470), ocurridos entre los años 1492 y 2017, a fin de acompañarlos con unos
breves agregados que recogen principalmente textos encontrados en Internet,
relacionados con los enunciados que se utilizan a lo largo de dicha cronología.
A
efecto de diferenciar la cronología original transcrita en negrillas, los
agregados se transcriben en itálicas, bien textualmente o resumidos y/o
reordenados en su presentación, con las referencias a sus respectivos enlaces
en Internet. Cuando la cronología original incluye diversos hechos en un mismo
año, estos hechos son presentados separadamente bajo dicho año.
En
esta quinta entrega se incluyen hechos históricos que van desde que Tristán de
Luna y Arellano alcanza la costa cerca de Pensacola (1559), hasta que Pedro
Menéndez de Avilés establece en San Agustín el primer asentamiento
permanente y los españoles incorporan las Filipinas a su imperio (1565).
Veamos:
1559: la expedición de Tristán de Luna y Arellano alcanza la costa cerca de Pensacola en Florida.
De Luna Expedition - 1559-1561 CE
In
1559, conquistador Tristan de Luna was tasked with creating a Spanish
settlement on the Gulf Coast and to create an overland route to Santa Elena (in
today's South Carolina), where another Spanish settlement would be founded.
Previous conquistadors had recommended "Filipina Bay" (today's Mobile
Bay in Alabama), but de Luna's expedition chose instead "Ochuse Bay"
(today's Pensacola Bay in Florida).
After sending one ship back to Vera Cruz,
Mexico, to pick up and return with supplies, de Luna sent scouting parties
inland while preparing two ships to sail on to Spain and leaving the majority
of supplies for the new colony on the remainder of his ships. After three
weeks, the scouting parties returned with reports or only finding a single
native village (perhaps a sign of the damage diseases did to the native populations
in the wake of the Hernando de Soto expedition). On the night of September 19,
1559, before the ships had been unloaded, a hurricane struck, destroying or
grounding the fleet and leaving de Luna's men without ships and little
supplies.
The
stranded explorers made their way inland up the Alabama River to the known
village of Nanipacana, which they found deserted. Naming the town Santa Cruz de
Nanipacana, they encamped until the resupply ship arrived. Lack of food at
Nanipacana and the quick exhaustion of the resupply forced de Luna to send some
of his men up the Alabama River to the Coosa River and up to the Coosa
chiefdom, passing just south of where Canyon Mouth Park is today at Little
River Canyon National Preserve.
The expedition was an overall failure, and de
Luna was quickly replaced due to the poor leadership over his men. The
settement at modern-day Pensacola was only occupied for a year before being
abandoned - the area would not be populated again by the Spanish until 1698.
EN: https://www.nps.gov/liri/learn/historyculture/de-luna-expedition-1559-1561-ce.htm
También puede verse:
Las flotas de Tristán de Luna y Ángel Villafañe (1559)
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Tristan de Luna y Arellano
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Symposium: The
Tristan de Luna Shipwrecks and Settlement (1559-1561) in Pensacola, Florida
Part of: Society for Historical Archaelogy 2017
Tristán de Luna y Arellano: Conquistador and
Governor of Florida
By John G. Johnson
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/luna-y-arellano-tristan-de
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De Luna's
Unsettlement: Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Carolina (1559-1561)
The Other States of
America History Portal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKy3fMJxt4M
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La importancia histórica de Pensacoa flota muy cerca de la
superficie
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America’s first settlement
https://www.visitpensacola.com/americas-1st-settlement-trail/1st-settlement/
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1562: hugonotes franceses se adentran
en el río San Juan, cerca de la actual Jacksonville, en Florida, antes de
dirigirse al norte hacia Port Royal, en Carolina del Sur, donde levantan el
asentamiento de Charlesfort, que abandonan al año siguiente.
The Explorers and the Settlers: Ribault, Huguenots, and the
French in Florida
Jean Ribault, a French naval officer, colonist and explorer, was
born in the city of Dieppe circa 1520. In 1562, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
received a commission from Charles IX, King of France, to establish a colony in
the New World for French Protestants, the Huguenots, who were being persecuted
in France by the Catholic majority. Coligny ordered Ribault to command an
expedition to North America. He reached the coast of Florida near the current
location of St. Augustine, sailed northward and landed at the mouth of the St.
Johns River, which he called the Riviere de Mai (River of May) because he
discovered it on May 1. After making contact with the Native Americans of this
area, the Timucua, Ribault erected a stone column and claimed the land for
France.
He attempted to return to France for supplies, but instead had
to flee to England to seek refuge because the French Wars of Religion had
broken out again. In England, he entered into an agreement with Queen Elizabeth
I to outfit an expedition to Florida. However, as relations with England and
France became strained, Elizabeth had Ribault arrested and imprisoned. While in
England, he published an account of his expedition to Florida, The Whole and
True Discovery of Terra Florida. After he was released from prison and returned
to France, Ribault was ordered by Admiral Coligny to embark for Florida to
bring reinforcements and supplies to Fort Caroline.
The Settlement: Fort Caroline
Two years after Jean Ribault’ s initial voyage, Rene de Laudonniere set sail
from Le Havre, France and returned to the River of May accompanied by nearly
300 people—among them sailors, soldiers, artisans, servants and four women. A
settlement was established in June of 1564 and was named La Caroline in honor
of the French King Charles IX. The colony was built with help from local Native
Americans in the area that is now known as St. Johns Bluff. The description given
by Jacque Le Moyne as published by Theodore de Bry states:
“Thus was erected a triangular work, afterwards named Carolina.
The base of the triangle, looking westward, was defended only by a small ditch
and a wall of sods nine feet high. The side next to the river was built up with
planks and fascines. On the southern side was a building after the fashion of a
citadel, which was for a granary to hold their provisions. The whole was of
fascines and earth, except the upper part of the wall for two or three feet,
which was of sods. In the middle of the fort was a roomy open space eighteen
yards long, and as many wide. Midway on the southern side of this space were
the soldiers’ quarters, and on the north side was a building…”
The settlement failed to prosper for a number of reasons, and
within days of Admiral Jean Ribault’s return in August 1565, most of the
original inhabitants, Ribault, and those who accompanied him on the second
voyage would be dead. Upon arriving at the fort, Ribault discovered the colony
had suffered food shortages, mutiny, and clashes with the Timucuan. He assumed
command of the fort and colony but was out maneuvered by the Spanish soldiers
under the command of Pedro Menendez de Aviles.
The Battle: France and Spain fight for the First Coast
King Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menendez de Aviles to attack Fort
Caroline to protect Spain’s interests in the New World. Menendez appeared at
the St. Johns River soon after Ribault’s arrival at the fort. The Spanish
established an outpost further down the Florida coast, a settlement which would
eventually become St. Augustine. Ribault set sail to attack the Spanish before
they could strengthen their fortification. But Ribault’s naval force was hit by
a hurricane on the way. While the French were moving to attack the Spanish,
Menendez organized an assault on Fort Caroline, marching his force over land
through the hurricane. The Spanish attacked Fort Caroline, overwhelmed the
garrison, and massacred the French at the fort. Only a few of the French
colonists escaped.
Ribault and his men were shipwrecked on the coast after the
hurricane and Menendez marched his men south to attack. The French surrendered,
but on Menendez’s orders Ribault and his men were executed as Protestant
heretics at an inlet that is now called Matanzas, which is Spanish for
“slaughters.”
The French presence in Florida died with the blood of the
Huguenots on the sands of terra Florida.
The Indigenous People of Northeast Florida: The Timucua
The indigenous people of this area were known by Europeans as the Timucua. This
group was comprised of several different tribes who spoke a similar dialect,
but had their own individual chiefs. They were skilled farmers growing maize,
beans, squash, grains, harvesting local berries and fruits, as well as
gathering fish, game and shell fish. Their diet also included alligator and
manatee.
The French encountered Chief Saturiwa’s group, whose main
village was located on the south bank of the St. Johns River, as well as Chief
Utina’s people, Saturiwa’s rival to the north of the river. Both groups had
encountered Europeans previously and had friendly relations initially.
Europeans reported that the Timucua people were sturdy,
muscular, athletic and about four inches taller than the explorers. The chief
and members of his family were tattooed and wore body paint. The chiefs dressed
in deerskin cloaks and painted bird plumes. Men wore very little, typically,
deerskin breechcloths, while the women dressed in moss skirts or aprons. Both
men and women had pierced ears which held inflated fish bladders. Their hair
was long, and the men knotted it at the top of their heads.
The various groups of the Timucua were decimated by invasion and
epidemics in the 1600s and 1700s. The last of the Timucua left Florida with the
Spanish in 1763, after the British took control of the Spanish colony.
Fort Caroline Today
Today the National Park Service administers the Fort Caroline National Memorial
as part of the Timucuan Ecological & Historical Preserve. The Preserve
contains Fort Caroline, the Kingsley Plantation, and the Theodore Roosevelt
trail. Today’s Fort Caroline is a re-creation of the original site. In 1924,
the Daughters of the American Revolution donated a replica of the stone column
erected by Jean Ribault in 1562. The replicas and other historical exhibits
including information about how the indigenous people lived are available at
the Fort Caroline National Memorial. The Preserve is located approximately 13
miles east of downtown Jacksonville.
By the library staff
Jacksonville Public Library.
https://www.duvalschools.org/o/jrhs/page/the-story-of-jean-ribault-and-fort-caroline
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(Perhaps) the first
Thanksgiving
In 1562, Jean Ribault,
a naval officer under Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and a Huguenot, began a voyage
to the land that is now southeastern United States. He established a colony on
Parris Island, South Carolina called Charlesfort. The settlement failed in part
because, like the colony at Roanoke Island, it could not be resupplied in a
timely fashion due to of the Wars of Religion in France. Then a second attempt
at colonization was made in 1564 under René de Laudonnière. He had been
Ribault’s second in command on the first voyage. The second voyage left France
on April 22, 1564, arriving at the mouth of the Saint John’s River in June for
the purposes of establishing a settlement called Fort Caroline. The group
arrived two months later in June 1564.
René de Laudonnière
kept a diary and wrote a memoir entitled “L'histoire notable de la Floride
située es Indes occidentales...” about the voyage and the building of Fort
Caroline (now near Jacksonville, Florida). The memoir was published twelve
years after Laudonnière’s death in 1586. Laudonnière wrote that on June 30,
1564, the Huguenots set aside a day of Thanksgiving…..
………Le lédemain sur la
plane, ie commanday que l’on sonnast une trôpette, à fin qu’estans assemblez
nous rendilsions graces à Dieu, de nostre arriuee fauorable & heureufe. Là
nous chantasmes louanges au Seigneur, le suppliant vouloir par sa saincte
grace, continuer son accoustumee bonté, enuers nous ses pauures seruiteurs,
& déformais nous ayder en toutes nos entreprises, si que le tout rctournast
à sa gloire,& à l’aduancemcnt de nostre foy.
(“f” changed to “s” where appropriate. Did not
change “u” to “v”.)
On that day on the
beach, I commanded us to sing aloud (like a trumpet), to ends that we assembled
render thanks to God, of our arrival felicitous and happy. There we sang Praise
the Lord, begging him By his holy grace, continue his accustomed kindness, we
ourselves his poor servants and deformed ones in all our undertakings, so that
the whole returned to its Glory, and the advance of our faith. The
establishment of Fort Caroline struggled as well but eventually was resupplied
by Jean Ribault in September 1565. But the Spanish were determined to reclaim
this area of Florida and kill all the heretics. On September 20, 1565, Fort
Caroline was attacked and destroyed. Perhaps 25 to 40 persons escaped including
Laudonnière. The remaining men were killed, and women and children spared. The
survivors boarded ships commanded by Ribault. A hurricane drove the ships south
and destroyed them on the barrier islands of the Florida coast. Ribault and the
remining Huguenot soldiers and colonists were killed for heresy at Matanzas
Inlet under the orders of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, later Governor of Florida
under the Spanish King Philip II.
Text: https://archive.org/details/lhistoirenotable00laud_0
page 44b.
https://nationalhuguenotsociety.org/states/nc/documents/HSNC_First_Thanksgiving.pdf
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Jean Ribault claims Florida for France
https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/ribault/ribault1.pdf
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CharlesFort, South
Carolina 1562 French Florida Protestant Huguenot colonists & settlement
Timeline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrfH7PwQOdI
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Las
tentativas coloniales francesas en Florida en el siglo XVI a través de la Narrativa de Jacques Le Moyne de
Morgues
Malena López Palmero
https://journals.openedition.org/corpusarchivos/1352
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French Colonization
in the Carolinas
https://digital.library.sc.edu/blogs/caroliniana/2025/06/04/french-colonization-in-the-carolinas/
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1564: los franceses regresan al río
San Juan, en Florida, para establecer en esta ocasión Fort Caroline en un
promontorio sobre el río.
Fort Caroline
In
1564, two years after the French first explored the St. Johns River in
northeast Florida, they constructed Fort Caroline. The colonists were mainly
French Protestants, known as Huguenots, who had escaped religious persecution
in France. Led by René de Laudonnière, the French settlers established good
relations with the local Timucua-speaking tribes. However, conditions
deteriorated, and the colonists faced starvation and internal strife. Some
mutinied, left, and turned to piracy, but reinforcements from France soon
arrived at Fort Caroline.
Spain
learned of the French settlement in La Florida —territory that it claimed—and sent
Admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to expel the French in 1565. Menéndez
established a base to the south at a location he named St. Augustine. The
Spaniards then attacked Fort Caroline, overwhelming the garrison and killing
its defenders. The site was renamed San Mateo. In 1568, in revenge for the
earlier Spanish massacre, the French and their Indigenous allies attacked
Spanish-held San Mateo, killing its defenders. The French then departed
and La
Florida remained a Spanish domain.
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Fort Caroline, Florida – A Short Lived Colony
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/fl-fortcaroline/
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TWO VIEWS: The Spanish Attack on the French Settlement at Fort
Caroline, 1565
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text6/fortcaroline.pdf
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Fort
Caroline: The French settlement on the St. Johns
The Jaxson
https://www.thejaxsonmag.com/article/fort-caroline-the-french-settlement-on-the-st-johns/
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Florida: Fort Caroline National Memorial
https://www.nps.gov/articles/ftcaroline.htm
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How the French Built Fort
Caroline and Took Control of Florida in 1564
https://www.thecollector.com/when-florida-was-french/
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1565: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
establece en San Agustín el primer asentamiento permanente en Florida, en la
costa Atlántica, y procede a expulsar a los franceses de Fort Caroline.
Menendez Landing
HISTORY
In March of 1565, Admiral Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
is awarded an asiento, or contract, by
Felipe II of Spain. The contract, signed on the 20th of
March, appoints Menendez as adelentado, governor of provinces or of the
specific region he was charged with conquering. Such a role is often
given in exchange for funding of the initial exploration and is the case here,
Felipe would advance 15,000 ducats to Menendez and give him three years to
complete the task. The contract also comes at a time when the French
Huguenots where trying to establish a colony at in Florida at Fort Caroline,
which incenses Felipe, as the country had been previously explored by the
Spainiards they claimed it as theirs. Charged with removing the French,
Menendez would sail on the 28th of July with the San Pelayo, ten sloops
and 1500 men.
The fleet would make a stormy crossing after which the
vessels met in Puerto Rico where Menendez gathered some of the scattered fleet,
pushing onward. He would make Florida landfall on the 28th of August, the
Feast Day of St. Augustine of Hippo and named the territory San Agustin.
Sailing to the North the French would finally be encountered outside the
mouth of the St. Johns River. There, after a brief skirmish, the French
fled and Menendez fell back to the bay he had previously landed, San Agustin,
and began to fortify the Timicuan village of Seloy.
It was here, on September 8th, 1565 that Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
stepped ashore amidst the sound of trumpet and drum, the firing of cannon, and
the shout of the six hundred which had accompanied him on his voyage.
This landing of Pedro Menendez would mark Spain’s official possession of
Florida!
https://hfm.club/about/landing/
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Herencia española en la costa histórica de Florida
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España, ante el 450º aniversario de San Agustín, la primera ciudad de Estados Unidos fundada por Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
POR Inés Royo y Daniel Ureña
https://www.hispaniccouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/THC_SanAgustin.pdf
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Lo conoces? Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
Herencia hispana oculta por Miguel Pérez
https://www.hiddenhispanicheritage.com/pedro-meneacutendez-de-aviles.html
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Visit Florida
Historia
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Spanish Florida
1565 Conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés | French Protestant Huguenots
Timeline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-GXjBLovH4
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1565: En el Pacífico,
los españoles incorporan las Filipinas a su imperio.
Los españoles en las Filipinas y la
primera globalización económica: comercio, migraciones e influencias culturales
en el Pacífico (1565-1815)
Juan Carlos Solórzano Fonseca
….La expedición al
mando de López de Legazpi levanta anclas en el puerto de Barra de Navidad,
Jalisco, el 21 de noviembre de 1564, luego de las ceremonias previas de los
días anteriores que incluyeron la bendición de la bandera y estandartes de los
barcos y soldados. Luego de 93 días de navegación los españoles llegan a la
isla de Guam, que bautizaron Isla de los Ladrones. Allí recalaron para
abastecerse con alimentos que adquirieron pacíficamente por medio de trueque
con los nativos. El 5 de febrero toman rumbo hacia las Islas del Poniente o
Filipinas, tocando tierra en la de Sámar, una de las del conjunto de las
Bisayas orientales el día 15. Prosiguen hacia la isla de Leyte donde Legazpi
levanta acta de posesión enfrentado a la oposición de sus habitantes locales.
Luego proceden hacia el puerto de Carvallán. No obstante, la acuciante falta de
alimentos obligó a los españoles a buscar otros lugares menos inhóspitos en
otras islas.
En Bohol, ubicada en
el corazón del conjunto de las islas Bisayas, Legazpi logró establecer
relaciones amistosas con algunos de los jefes locales y lleva a cabo el
conocido “pacto de sangre” con Dato Sikatuna; una alianza con este gobernante
–en lo que es hoy la población de Loay–, el 16 de marzo de 1565. Más tarde, de
allí se traslada a la isla de Cebú, lugar más poblado y centro de comercio
desde siglos antes de la llegada de los españoles, adonde arribaban barcos
cargados con porcelana, sedas, especias, hierro y otras mercancías, procedentes
de diversos puntos de Oriente. A cambio, los pobladores locales ofrecían oro y
madera, los bienes más preciados obtenidos en la isla. Allí, el 27 de abril de
1565, López de Legazpi funda la que denomina Villa de San Miguel, actual Cebú,
como base de operaciones para la conquista del archipiélago filipino y cabecera
de los dominios españoles en Filipinas…..
https://portal.amelica.org/ameli/journal/299/2991569006/html/
También puede verse:
Las colonias españolas en
Filipinas y Guam
Un imperio sobre el que el sol no se ponía
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Cronología de la historia de las Filipinas
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La CONQUISTA de FILIPINAS –
El ÚLTIMO REINO del IMPERIO ESPAÑOL | Documental
La
Voz de la Hispanidad
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7guGNNpzv9U&t=6s
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LA CONQUISTA
DE FILIPINAS: URDANETA, VELASCO Y LEGAZPI
History
of Spain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq8OYEWGqbA&t=3s
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El Español que
Conquistó Filipinas con Solo 500 Hombres!
Memoria de un
Imperio
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