En pocas palabras. Javier J. Jaspe
Washington
D.C.
Esta
es la quinta entrega de una serie relacionada con el interesante libro: “El
Norte – La epopeya olvidada de la Norteamérica Hispana”, escrito por la
destacada historiadora, Carrie Gibson. Editorial EDAF, 2022, 575 páginas. La
edición original es en el idioma inglés y la traducción al español que usamos
es de Pablo García Hervás.
Carrie
Gibson obtuvo su “doctorado en la Universidad de Cambridge….Ha
trabajado como periodista en The Guardian y como colaboradora en otras
publicaciones, además de la BBC. Su investigación la ha llevado a México, el
Caribe y los Estados Unidos. Reside en Londres”.
Sobre
el libro se ha escrito:
"Durante
mucho tiempo, los Estados Unidos se han preciado de su herencia anglosajona por
encima de todas las demás. No obstante, tal como Carrie Gibson replica en El
Norte, con gran profundidad y nitidez, la nación tiene unas raíces hispanas
mucho más antiguas, las cuales han permanecido mucho tiempo ignoradas y
marginadas. Este pasado hispánico precede en un siglo a la llegada del
Mayflower, y es de todo punto igual de importante a la hora de dar forma a la
nación tal como existe hoy en día.... (The New York Times Book Review)"
El
propósito de la serie no es realizar un análisis del libro, sino publicar la
cronología de los acontecimientos clave que allí se incluyen (páginas 462 –
470), ocurridos entre los años 1492 y 2017, a fin de acompañarlos con unos
breves agregados que recogen principalmente textos encontrados en Internet,
relacionados con los enunciados que se utilizan a lo largo de dicha cronología.
A
efecto de diferenciar la cronología original transcrita en negrillas, los
agregados se transcriben en itálicas, bien textualmente o resumidos y/o
reordenados en su presentación, con las referencias a sus respectivos enlaces
en Internet. Cuando la cronología original incluye diversos hechos en un mismo
año, estos hechos son presentados separadamente bajo dicho año.
En
esta quinta entrega se incluyen hechos históricos que van desde que Tristán de
Luna y Arellano alcanza la costa cerca de Pensacola (1559), hasta que Pedro
Menéndez de Avilés establece en San Agustín el primer asentamiento
permanente y los españoles incorporan las Filipinas a su imperio (1565).
Veamos:
1559: la expedición de Tristán de Luna y Arellano alcanza la costa cerca de Pensacola en Florida.
De Luna Expedition - 1559-1561 CE
In
1559, conquistador Tristan de Luna was tasked with creating a Spanish
settlement on the Gulf Coast and to create an overland route to Santa Elena (in
today's South Carolina), where another Spanish settlement would be founded.
Previous conquistadors had recommended "Filipina Bay" (today's Mobile
Bay in Alabama), but de Luna's expedition chose instead "Ochuse Bay"
(today's Pensacola Bay in Florida).
After sending one ship back to Vera Cruz,
Mexico, to pick up and return with supplies, de Luna sent scouting parties
inland while preparing two ships to sail on to Spain and leaving the majority
of supplies for the new colony on the remainder of his ships. After three
weeks, the scouting parties returned with reports or only finding a single
native village (perhaps a sign of the damage diseases did to the native populations
in the wake of the Hernando de Soto expedition). On the night of September 19,
1559, before the ships had been unloaded, a hurricane struck, destroying or
grounding the fleet and leaving de Luna's men without ships and little
supplies.
The
stranded explorers made their way inland up the Alabama River to the known
village of Nanipacana, which they found deserted. Naming the town Santa Cruz de
Nanipacana, they encamped until the resupply ship arrived. Lack of food at
Nanipacana and the quick exhaustion of the resupply forced de Luna to send some
of his men up the Alabama River to the Coosa River and up to the Coosa
chiefdom, passing just south of where Canyon Mouth Park is today at Little
River Canyon National Preserve.
The expedition was an overall failure, and de
Luna was quickly replaced due to the poor leadership over his men. The
settement at modern-day Pensacola was only occupied for a year before being
abandoned - the area would not be populated again by the Spanish until 1698.
EN: https://www.nps.gov/liri/learn/historyculture/de-luna-expedition-1559-1561-ce.htm
También puede verse:
Las flotas de Tristán de Luna y Ángel Villafañe (1559)
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Tristan de Luna y Arellano
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Symposium: The
Tristan de Luna Shipwrecks and Settlement (1559-1561) in Pensacola, Florida
Part of: Society for Historical Archaelogy 2017
Tristán de Luna y Arellano: Conquistador and
Governor of Florida
By John G. Johnson
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/luna-y-arellano-tristan-de
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De Luna's
Unsettlement: Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Carolina (1559-1561)
The Other States of
America History Portal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKy3fMJxt4M
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La importancia histórica de Pensacoa flota muy cerca de la
superficie
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America’s first settlement
https://www.visitpensacola.com/americas-1st-settlement-trail/1st-settlement/
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1562: hugonotes franceses se adentran
en el río San Juan, cerca de la actual Jacksonville, en Florida, antes de
dirigirse al norte hacia Port Royal, en Carolina del Sur, donde levantan el
asentamiento de Charlesfort, que abandonan al año siguiente.
The Explorers and the Settlers: Ribault, Huguenots, and the
French in Florida
Jean Ribault, a French naval officer, colonist and explorer, was
born in the city of Dieppe circa 1520. In 1562, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
received a commission from Charles IX, King of France, to establish a colony in
the New World for French Protestants, the Huguenots, who were being persecuted
in France by the Catholic majority. Coligny ordered Ribault to command an
expedition to North America. He reached the coast of Florida near the current
location of St. Augustine, sailed northward and landed at the mouth of the St.
Johns River, which he called the Riviere de Mai (River of May) because he
discovered it on May 1. After making contact with the Native Americans of this
area, the Timucua, Ribault erected a stone column and claimed the land for
France.
He attempted to return to France for supplies, but instead had
to flee to England to seek refuge because the French Wars of Religion had
broken out again. In England, he entered into an agreement with Queen Elizabeth
I to outfit an expedition to Florida. However, as relations with England and
France became strained, Elizabeth had Ribault arrested and imprisoned. While in
England, he published an account of his expedition to Florida, The Whole and
True Discovery of Terra Florida. After he was released from prison and returned
to France, Ribault was ordered by Admiral Coligny to embark for Florida to
bring reinforcements and supplies to Fort Caroline.
The Settlement: Fort Caroline
Two years after Jean Ribault’ s initial voyage, Rene de Laudonniere set sail
from Le Havre, France and returned to the River of May accompanied by nearly
300 people—among them sailors, soldiers, artisans, servants and four women. A
settlement was established in June of 1564 and was named La Caroline in honor
of the French King Charles IX. The colony was built with help from local Native
Americans in the area that is now known as St. Johns Bluff. The description given
by Jacque Le Moyne as published by Theodore de Bry states:
“Thus was erected a triangular work, afterwards named Carolina.
The base of the triangle, looking westward, was defended only by a small ditch
and a wall of sods nine feet high. The side next to the river was built up with
planks and fascines. On the southern side was a building after the fashion of a
citadel, which was for a granary to hold their provisions. The whole was of
fascines and earth, except the upper part of the wall for two or three feet,
which was of sods. In the middle of the fort was a roomy open space eighteen
yards long, and as many wide. Midway on the southern side of this space were
the soldiers’ quarters, and on the north side was a building…”
The settlement failed to prosper for a number of reasons, and
within days of Admiral Jean Ribault’s return in August 1565, most of the
original inhabitants, Ribault, and those who accompanied him on the second
voyage would be dead. Upon arriving at the fort, Ribault discovered the colony
had suffered food shortages, mutiny, and clashes with the Timucuan. He assumed
command of the fort and colony but was out maneuvered by the Spanish soldiers
under the command of Pedro Menendez de Aviles.
The Battle: France and Spain fight for the First Coast
King Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menendez de Aviles to attack Fort
Caroline to protect Spain’s interests in the New World. Menendez appeared at
the St. Johns River soon after Ribault’s arrival at the fort. The Spanish
established an outpost further down the Florida coast, a settlement which would
eventually become St. Augustine. Ribault set sail to attack the Spanish before
they could strengthen their fortification. But Ribault’s naval force was hit by
a hurricane on the way. While the French were moving to attack the Spanish,
Menendez organized an assault on Fort Caroline, marching his force over land
through the hurricane. The Spanish attacked Fort Caroline, overwhelmed the
garrison, and massacred the French at the fort. Only a few of the French
colonists escaped.
Ribault and his men were shipwrecked on the coast after the
hurricane and Menendez marched his men south to attack. The French surrendered,
but on Menendez’s orders Ribault and his men were executed as Protestant
heretics at an inlet that is now called Matanzas, which is Spanish for
“slaughters.”
The French presence in Florida died with the blood of the
Huguenots on the sands of terra Florida.
The Indigenous People of Northeast Florida: The Timucua
The indigenous people of this area were known by Europeans as the Timucua. This
group was comprised of several different tribes who spoke a similar dialect,
but had their own individual chiefs. They were skilled farmers growing maize,
beans, squash, grains, harvesting local berries and fruits, as well as
gathering fish, game and shell fish. Their diet also included alligator and
manatee.
The French encountered Chief Saturiwa’s group, whose main
village was located on the south bank of the St. Johns River, as well as Chief
Utina’s people, Saturiwa’s rival to the north of the river. Both groups had
encountered Europeans previously and had friendly relations initially.
Europeans reported that the Timucua people were sturdy,
muscular, athletic and about four inches taller than the explorers. The chief
and members of his family were tattooed and wore body paint. The chiefs dressed
in deerskin cloaks and painted bird plumes. Men wore very little, typically,
deerskin breechcloths, while the women dressed in moss skirts or aprons. Both
men and women had pierced ears which held inflated fish bladders. Their hair
was long, and the men knotted it at the top of their heads.
The various groups of the Timucua were decimated by invasion and
epidemics in the 1600s and 1700s. The last of the Timucua left Florida with the
Spanish in 1763, after the British took control of the Spanish colony.
Fort Caroline Today
Today the National Park Service administers the Fort Caroline National Memorial
as part of the Timucuan Ecological & Historical Preserve. The Preserve
contains Fort Caroline, the Kingsley Plantation, and the Theodore Roosevelt
trail. Today’s Fort Caroline is a re-creation of the original site. In 1924,
the Daughters of the American Revolution donated a replica of the stone column
erected by Jean Ribault in 1562. The replicas and other historical exhibits
including information about how the indigenous people lived are available at
the Fort Caroline National Memorial. The Preserve is located approximately 13
miles east of downtown Jacksonville.
By the library staff
Jacksonville Public Library.
https://www.duvalschools.org/o/jrhs/page/the-story-of-jean-ribault-and-fort-caroline
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(Perhaps) the first
Thanksgiving
In 1562, Jean Ribault,
a naval officer under Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and a Huguenot, began a voyage
to the land that is now southeastern United States. He established a colony on
Parris Island, South Carolina called Charlesfort. The settlement failed in part
because, like the colony at Roanoke Island, it could not be resupplied in a
timely fashion due to of the Wars of Religion in France. Then a second attempt
at colonization was made in 1564 under René de Laudonnière. He had been
Ribault’s second in command on the first voyage. The second voyage left France
on April 22, 1564, arriving at the mouth of the Saint John’s River in June for
the purposes of establishing a settlement called Fort Caroline. The group
arrived two months later in June 1564.
René de Laudonnière
kept a diary and wrote a memoir entitled “L'histoire notable de la Floride
située es Indes occidentales...” about the voyage and the building of Fort
Caroline (now near Jacksonville, Florida). The memoir was published twelve
years after Laudonnière’s death in 1586. Laudonnière wrote that on June 30,
1564, the Huguenots set aside a day of Thanksgiving…..
………Le lédemain sur la
plane, ie commanday que l’on sonnast une trôpette, à fin qu’estans assemblez
nous rendilsions graces à Dieu, de nostre arriuee fauorable & heureufe. Là
nous chantasmes louanges au Seigneur, le suppliant vouloir par sa saincte
grace, continuer son accoustumee bonté, enuers nous ses pauures seruiteurs,
& déformais nous ayder en toutes nos entreprises, si que le tout rctournast
à sa gloire,& à l’aduancemcnt de nostre foy.
(“f” changed to “s” where appropriate. Did not
change “u” to “v”.)
On that day on the
beach, I commanded us to sing aloud (like a trumpet), to ends that we assembled
render thanks to God, of our arrival felicitous and happy. There we sang Praise
the Lord, begging him By his holy grace, continue his accustomed kindness, we
ourselves his poor servants and deformed ones in all our undertakings, so that
the whole returned to its Glory, and the advance of our faith. The
establishment of Fort Caroline struggled as well but eventually was resupplied
by Jean Ribault in September 1565. But the Spanish were determined to reclaim
this area of Florida and kill all the heretics. On September 20, 1565, Fort
Caroline was attacked and destroyed. Perhaps 25 to 40 persons escaped including
Laudonnière. The remaining men were killed, and women and children spared. The
survivors boarded ships commanded by Ribault. A hurricane drove the ships south
and destroyed them on the barrier islands of the Florida coast. Ribault and the
remining Huguenot soldiers and colonists were killed for heresy at Matanzas
Inlet under the orders of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, later Governor of Florida
under the Spanish King Philip II.
Text: https://archive.org/details/lhistoirenotable00laud_0
page 44b.
https://nationalhuguenotsociety.org/states/nc/documents/HSNC_First_Thanksgiving.pdf
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Jean Ribault claims Florida for France
https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/ribault/ribault1.pdf
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CharlesFort, South
Carolina 1562 French Florida Protestant Huguenot colonists & settlement
Timeline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KrfH7PwQOdI
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Las
tentativas coloniales francesas en Florida en el siglo XVI a través de la Narrativa de Jacques Le Moyne de
Morgues
Malena López Palmero
https://journals.openedition.org/corpusarchivos/1352
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French Colonization
in the Carolinas
https://digital.library.sc.edu/blogs/caroliniana/2025/06/04/french-colonization-in-the-carolinas/
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1564: los franceses regresan al río
San Juan, en Florida, para establecer en esta ocasión Fort Caroline en un
promontorio sobre el río.
Fort Caroline
In
1564, two years after the French first explored the St. Johns River in
northeast Florida, they constructed Fort Caroline. The colonists were mainly
French Protestants, known as Huguenots, who had escaped religious persecution
in France. Led by René de Laudonnière, the French settlers established good
relations with the local Timucua-speaking tribes. However, conditions
deteriorated, and the colonists faced starvation and internal strife. Some
mutinied, left, and turned to piracy, but reinforcements from France soon
arrived at Fort Caroline.
Spain
learned of the French settlement in La Florida —territory that it claimed—and sent
Admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to expel the French in 1565. Menéndez
established a base to the south at a location he named St. Augustine. The
Spaniards then attacked Fort Caroline, overwhelming the garrison and killing
its defenders. The site was renamed San Mateo. In 1568, in revenge for the
earlier Spanish massacre, the French and their Indigenous allies attacked
Spanish-held San Mateo, killing its defenders. The French then departed
and La
Florida remained a Spanish domain.
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Fort Caroline, Florida – A Short Lived Colony
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/fl-fortcaroline/
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TWO VIEWS: The Spanish Attack on the French Settlement at Fort
Caroline, 1565
https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text6/fortcaroline.pdf
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Fort
Caroline: The French settlement on the St. Johns
The Jaxson
https://www.thejaxsonmag.com/article/fort-caroline-the-french-settlement-on-the-st-johns/
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Florida: Fort Caroline National Memorial
https://www.nps.gov/articles/ftcaroline.htm
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How the French Built Fort
Caroline and Took Control of Florida in 1564
https://www.thecollector.com/when-florida-was-french/
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1565: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
establece en San Agustín el primer asentamiento permanente en Florida, en la
costa Atlántica, y procede a expulsar a los franceses de Fort Caroline.
Menendez Landing
HISTORY
In March of 1565, Admiral Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
is awarded an asiento, or contract, by
Felipe II of Spain. The contract, signed on the 20th of
March, appoints Menendez as adelentado, governor of provinces or of the
specific region he was charged with conquering. Such a role is often
given in exchange for funding of the initial exploration and is the case here,
Felipe would advance 15,000 ducats to Menendez and give him three years to
complete the task. The contract also comes at a time when the French
Huguenots where trying to establish a colony at in Florida at Fort Caroline,
which incenses Felipe, as the country had been previously explored by the
Spainiards they claimed it as theirs. Charged with removing the French,
Menendez would sail on the 28th of July with the San Pelayo, ten sloops
and 1500 men.
The fleet would make a stormy crossing after which the
vessels met in Puerto Rico where Menendez gathered some of the scattered fleet,
pushing onward. He would make Florida landfall on the 28th of August, the
Feast Day of St. Augustine of Hippo and named the territory San Agustin.
Sailing to the North the French would finally be encountered outside the
mouth of the St. Johns River. There, after a brief skirmish, the French
fled and Menendez fell back to the bay he had previously landed, San Agustin,
and began to fortify the Timicuan village of Seloy.
It was here, on September 8th, 1565 that Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
stepped ashore amidst the sound of trumpet and drum, the firing of cannon, and
the shout of the six hundred which had accompanied him on his voyage.
This landing of Pedro Menendez would mark Spain’s official possession of
Florida!
https://hfm.club/about/landing/
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Herencia española en la costa histórica de Florida
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España, ante el 450º aniversario de San Agustín, la primera ciudad de Estados Unidos fundada por Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
POR Inés Royo y Daniel Ureña
https://www.hispaniccouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/THC_SanAgustin.pdf
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Lo conoces? Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
Herencia hispana oculta por Miguel Pérez
https://www.hiddenhispanicheritage.com/pedro-meneacutendez-de-aviles.html
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Visit Florida
Historia
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Spanish Florida
1565 Conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés | French Protestant Huguenots
Timeline
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-GXjBLovH4
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1565: En el Pacífico,
los españoles incorporan las Filipinas a su imperio.
Los españoles en las Filipinas y la
primera globalización económica: comercio, migraciones e influencias culturales
en el Pacífico (1565-1815)
Juan Carlos Solórzano Fonseca
….La expedición al
mando de López de Legazpi levanta anclas en el puerto de Barra de Navidad,
Jalisco, el 21 de noviembre de 1564, luego de las ceremonias previas de los
días anteriores que incluyeron la bendición de la bandera y estandartes de los
barcos y soldados. Luego de 93 días de navegación los españoles llegan a la
isla de Guam, que bautizaron Isla de los Ladrones. Allí recalaron para
abastecerse con alimentos que adquirieron pacíficamente por medio de trueque
con los nativos. El 5 de febrero toman rumbo hacia las Islas del Poniente o
Filipinas, tocando tierra en la de Sámar, una de las del conjunto de las
Bisayas orientales el día 15. Prosiguen hacia la isla de Leyte donde Legazpi
levanta acta de posesión enfrentado a la oposición de sus habitantes locales.
Luego proceden hacia el puerto de Carvallán. No obstante, la acuciante falta de
alimentos obligó a los españoles a buscar otros lugares menos inhóspitos en
otras islas.
En Bohol, ubicada en
el corazón del conjunto de las islas Bisayas, Legazpi logró establecer
relaciones amistosas con algunos de los jefes locales y lleva a cabo el
conocido “pacto de sangre” con Dato Sikatuna; una alianza con este gobernante
–en lo que es hoy la población de Loay–, el 16 de marzo de 1565. Más tarde, de
allí se traslada a la isla de Cebú, lugar más poblado y centro de comercio
desde siglos antes de la llegada de los españoles, adonde arribaban barcos
cargados con porcelana, sedas, especias, hierro y otras mercancías, procedentes
de diversos puntos de Oriente. A cambio, los pobladores locales ofrecían oro y
madera, los bienes más preciados obtenidos en la isla. Allí, el 27 de abril de
1565, López de Legazpi funda la que denomina Villa de San Miguel, actual Cebú,
como base de operaciones para la conquista del archipiélago filipino y cabecera
de los dominios españoles en Filipinas…..
https://portal.amelica.org/ameli/journal/299/2991569006/html/
También puede verse:
Las colonias españolas en
Filipinas y Guam
Un imperio sobre el que el sol no se ponía
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Cronología de la historia de las Filipinas
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La CONQUISTA de FILIPINAS –
El ÚLTIMO REINO del IMPERIO ESPAÑOL | Documental
La
Voz de la Hispanidad
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7guGNNpzv9U&t=6s
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LA CONQUISTA
DE FILIPINAS: URDANETA, VELASCO Y LEGAZPI
History
of Spain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq8OYEWGqbA&t=3s
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El Español que
Conquistó Filipinas con Solo 500 Hombres!
Memoria de un
Imperio
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